lua-immutable/README.md

# ImmuTable

This is a Lua library that allows the creation of lightweight immutable tables.

## Build

This code has been tested with Lua 5.1.5, Lua 5.2.3, Lua 5.3.5, and LuaJIT 2.0.5. To build, simply `make` or for LuaJIT: `make LUA=luajit` (you can also optionally specify `LUA_INC=<path to the directory containing lua.h and lauxlib.h>` or `LUA_BIN=<path to the directory containing the lua binary>`).

Or, with [luarocks](https://luarocks.org/): `luarocks make immutable-table-scm-1.rockspec`

## Usage
Here's a simple implementation of a 2-d vector using immutable tables:
```lua
immutable = require "immutable"
Vec = immutable({"x","y"}, {
    name='Vector',
    len2=function(self)
        return self.x*self.x + self.y*self.y
    end,
    class_variable = "classvar",
    __add=function(self, other)
        local cls = getmetatable(self)
        return cls(self.x+other.x, self.y+other.y)
    end,
})
v = Vec(2, 3)
assert(v.x == 2 and v.y == 3)
also_v = Vec(2, 3)
assert(v == also_v)
t = {[v]='yep'}
assert(t[also_v] == 'yep')
assert(v + Vec(0,1) == Vec(2,4))
assert(#v == 2)
assert(v:len2() == 13)
assert(v.class_variable == "classvar")
assert(tostring(v) == 'Vector(x=2, y=3)')
assert(Vec:is_instance(v) and not Vec:is_instance({x=2,y=3}))
for k, v in pairs(v) do
    assert((k == 'x' and v == 2) or (k == 'y' and v == 3))
end
DifferentVec = immutable({"x","y"})
assert(DifferentVec(1,2) ~= Vec(1,2))
```

Immutable tables work similarly to regular Lua tables, except that `nil` can be explicitly stored in an immutable table. The first arguments to the constructor are used for named fields, and all extra arguments are stored in numeric indices.
```lua
local Foo = immutable({"x","y"})
local f = Foo(4,5,6,7)
assert(f.x == 4 and f.y == 5 and f[1] == 6 and f[2] == 7)
assert(#f == 2)
for k,v in pairs(f) do
    print(k.."="..v) -- prints 1=6,2=7,x=4,y=5
end
for i,v in ipairs(f) do
    print(k.."="..v) -- prints 1=6,2=7
end
```

## Singleton recipe
Singletons are pretty straightforward:
```lua
Singleton = immutable()
assert(Singleton() == Singleton())
DifferentSingleton = immutable()
assert(Singleton() ~= DifferentSingleton())
```
Or if you want methods/class variables:
```lua
DogSingleton = immutable({}, {name="DogSingleton", bark=function(self) print("woof") end})
DogSingleton():bark()
```

## Tuples
If the number of arguments is greater than the number of field names when constructing an immutable table, the extra values are stored in numeric indices. This can be used to create immutable tables that behave like Python's tuples, by using no field names:
```lua
local Tuple = immutable({})
local t0 = Tuple()
local t1 = Tuple(1,2)
local t2 = Tuple(1,2,3,4,5)
assert(#t2 == 5)
assert(t0 == Tuple())
assert(({[t1]='yep'})[Tuple(1,2)])
assert(tostring(Tuple(1,2)) == "(1, 2)")
```

## `__new` Metamethods
This library adds support for a new user-defined metamethods: `__new`. `__new` is called when an instance is created. It takes as arguments the immutable class and all arguments the user passed in, and whatever values it returns are used to create the instance. This is pretty handy for default or derived values:
```lua
local Foo = immutable({"x","y","xy"}, {
    __new = function(cls, x, y)
        y = y or 3
        return x, y, x*y
    end
})
assert(Foo(2).xy == 6)
```

The library also defines a `__hash` metamethod that returns the hash value used internally for instances. Overriding this value does not affect the underlying implementation, but you may find it useful for overriding `__index`. This is approximately the behavior of the normal `__index` implementation:
```lua
local Foo = immutable({"x","y"}, {
    classvar = 23,
    __index = function(self, key)
        local cls = getmetatable(self)
        if cls.__indices[key] ~= nil then
            local value = cls.__instances[cls.__hash(self)][self][key]
            return value == nil and "nil inst value" or value
        else
            local value = cls[key]
            return value == nil and "undefined value" or value
        end
    end
})
local f = Foo(1,nil)
assert(f.x == 1 and f.y == "nil inst value" and f.classvar == 23 and f.asdf == 999)
```

There is also a `__super` field which points to a table with all of the default implementations of the metamethods, which can be used when overriding:
```lua
local 
local BiggerOnTheInside = immutable({}, {
    __len = function(self, key)
        local cls = getmetatable(self)
        local len = cls.__super.__len(self)
        return math.floor(len/2)
    end
})
assert(#BiggerOnTheInside(1,2,3,4,5,6) == 3)
```

## Performance
This library is pretty dang fast, but it's still slower than native Lua tables. Based on my local testing, immutable tables add a couple nanoseconds to table operations in the worst case scenario. In LuaJIT, there is a bigger performance discrepancy because regular tables are more heavily optimized in LuaJIT. Your mileage may vary, but I'd say that immutable tables will probably never be a performance bottleneck for your program, especially if you use them in place of code that already used a constructor function and metatables. In some cases, immutable tables may also help reduce your program's memory footprint (if your program has many duplicate objects in memory) and may even improve speed (e.g. if your program uses a lot of deep equality checks). Don't trust this paragraph though! If in doubt, profile your code!

## Implementation details

You can read more about the implementation details in the [implementation documentation](./implementation.md).