Move patterns into a module

7 files changed, 1512 insertions, 32 deletions

diff --git a/examples/colorful/README.md b/examples/colorful/README.md
index 5f6ef8a4..b504a730 100644
--- a/examples/colorful/README.md
+++ b/examples/colorful/README.md
@@ -62,32 +62,3 @@ $Colorful"
     We have @(green,bold:colors)!
 ":print()
 ```
-
-You can very easily introduce your own syntax highlighting for a custom DSL:
-
-```tomo
-lang Markdown:
-    func Colorful(md:Markdown -> Colorful):
-        text := md.text:replace_all({
-            $/@/="@(at)",
-            $/(/="@(lparen)",
-            $/)/="@(rparen)",
-            $/**{..}**/="@(b:\1)",
-            $/*{..}*/="@(i:\1)",
-            $/[?](?)/="@(blue,underline:\1)",
-        })
-        return Colorful.from_text(text)
-
-    func colorful(md:Markdown -> Colorful):
-        return $Colorful"$md"
-...
-
-md := $Markdown"
-    This is [a link with **bold** inside](example.com)!
-"
->> colorful := md:colorful()
-= $Colorful"This is @(blue,underline:a link with @(b:bold) inside)!"
->> colorful:for_terminal()
-= "$\e[mThis is $\e[4;34ma link with $\e[1mbold$\e[22m inside$\e[24;39m!"
-colorful:print()
-```
diff --git a/examples/colorful/colorful.tm b/examples/colorful/colorful.tm
index 929c2409..e138e037 100644
--- a/examples/colorful/colorful.tm
+++ b/examples/colorful/colorful.tm
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ CSI := "$\033["
 
 lang Colorful:
     convert(text:Text -> Colorful):
-        text = text:replace_all({$/@/="@(at)", $/(/="@(lparen)", $/)/="@(rparen)"})
+        text = text:translate({"@"="@(at)", "("="@(lparen)", ")"="@(rparen)"})
         return Colorful.from_text(text)
 
     convert(i:Int -> Colorful): return Colorful.from_text("$i")
diff --git a/examples/game/world.tm b/examples/game/world.tm
index 58fcd4fa..809f1f80 100644
--- a/examples/game/world.tm
+++ b/examples/game/world.tm
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ struct World(player:@Player, goal:@Box, boxes:@[@Box], dt_accum=Num32(0.0), won=
             DrawText(CString("WINNER"), GetScreenWidth()/Int32(2)-Int32(48*3), GetScreenHeight()/Int32(2)-Int32(24), 48, Color(0,0,0))
 
     func load_map(w:@World, map:Text):
-        if map:has($/[]/):
-            map = map:replace_all({$/[]/="#", $/@{1..}/="@", $/  /=" "})
+        if map:has("[]"):
+            map = map:translate({"[]"="#", "@ "="@", "  "=" "})
         w.boxes = @[:@Box]
         box_size := Vector2(50., 50.)
         for y,line in map:lines():
diff --git a/examples/patterns/README.md b/examples/patterns/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..728b978e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/patterns/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# Text Pattern Matching
+
+As an alternative to full regular expressions, Tomo provides a limited string
+matching pattern syntax that is intended to solve 80% of use cases in under 1%
+of the code size (PCRE's codebase is roughly 150k lines of code, and Tomo's
+pattern matching code is a bit under 1k lines of code). Tomo's pattern matching
+syntax is highly readable and works well for matching literal text without
+getting [leaning toothpick syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaning_toothpick_syndrome).
+
+For more advanced use cases, consider linking against a C library for regular
+expressions or pattern matching.
+
+`Pattern` is a [domain-specific language](docs/langs.md), in other words, it's
+like a `Text`, but it has a distinct type. As a convenience, you can use
+`$/.../` to write pattern literals instead of using the general-purpose DSL
+syntax of `$Pattern"..."`.
+
+Patterns are used in a small, but very powerful API that handles many text
+functions that would normally be handled by a more extensive API:
+
+```
+Text.has(pattern:Pattern -> Bool)
+Text.each(pattern:Pattern, fn:func(m:Match), recursive=yes -> Text)
+Text.find(pattern:Pattern, start=1 -> Match?)
+Text.find_all(pattern:Pattern -> [Match])
+Text.matches(pattern:Pattern -> [Text]?)
+Text.map(pattern:Pattern, fn:func(m:Match -> Text), recursive=yes -> Text)
+Text.replace(pattern:Pattern, replacement:Text, placeholder:Pattern=$//, recursive=yes -> [Text])
+Text.replace_all(replacements:{Pattern,Text}, placeholder:Pattern=$//, recursive=yes -> [Text])
+Text.split(pattern:Pattern -> [Text])
+Text.trim(pattern=$/{whitespace}/, trim_left=yes, trim_right=yes -> [Text])
+```
+
+## Matches
+
+Pattern matching functions work with a type called `Match` that has three fields:
+
+- `text`: The full text of the match.
+- `index`: The index in the text where the match was found.
+- `captures`: An array containing the matching text of each non-literal pattern group.
+
+See [Text Functions](text.md#Text-Functions) for the full API documentation.
+
+## Syntax
+
+Patterns have three types of syntax:
+
+- `{` followed by an optional count (`n`, `n-m`, or `n+`), followed by an
+  optional `!` to negate the pattern, followed by an optional pattern name or
+  Unicode character name, followed by a required `}`.
+
+- Any matching pair of quotes or parentheses or braces with a `?` in the middle
+  (e.g. `"?"` or `(?)`).
+
+- Any other character is treated as a literal to be matched exactly.
+
+## Named Patterns
+
+Named patterns match certain pre-defined patterns that are commonly useful. To
+use a named pattern, use the syntax `{name}`. Names are case-insensitive and
+mostly ignore spaces, underscores, and dashes.
+
+- `..` - Any character (note that a single `.` would mean the literal period
+  character).
+- `digit` - A unicode digit
+- `email` - an email address
+- `emoji` - an emoji
+- `end` - the very end of the text
+- `id` - A unicode identifier
+- `int` - One or more digits with an optional `-` (minus sign) in front
+- `ip` - an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6)
+- `ipv4` - an IPv4 address
+- `ipv6` - an IPv6 address
+- `nl`/`newline`/`crlf` - A line break (either `\r\n` or `\n`)
+- `num` - One or more digits with an optional `-` (minus sign) in front and an optional `.` and more digits after
+- `start` - the very start of the text
+- `uri` - a URI
+- `url` - a URL (URI that specifically starts with `http://`, `https://`, `ws://`, `wss://`, or `ftp://`)
+- `word` - A unicode identifier (same as `id`)
+
+For non-alphabetic characters, any single character is treated as matching
+exactly that character. For example, `{1{}` matches exactly one `{`
+character. Or, `{1.}` matches exactly one `.` character.
+
+Patterns can also use any Unicode property name. Some helpful ones are:
+
+- `hex` - Hexidecimal digits
+- `lower` - Lowercase letters
+- `space` - The space character
+- `upper` - Uppercase letters
+- `whitespace` - Whitespace characters
+
+Patterns may also use exact Unicode codepoint names. For example: `{1 latin
+small letter A}` matches `a`.
+
+## Negating Patterns
+
+If an exclamation mark (`!`) is placed before a pattern's name, then characters
+are matched only when they _don't_ match the pattern. For example, `{!alpha}`
+will match all characters _except_ alphabetic ones.
+
+## Interpolating Text and Escaping
+
+To escape a character in a pattern (e.g. if you want to match the literal
+character `?`), you can use the syntax `{1 ?}`. This is almost never necessary
+unless you have text that looks like a Tomo text pattern and has something like
+`{` or `(?)` inside it.
+
+However, if you're trying to do an exact match of arbitrary text values, you'll
+want to have the text automatically escaped. Fortunately, Tomo's injection-safe
+DSL text interpolation supports automatic text escaping. This means that if you
+use text interpolation with the `$` sign to insert a text value, the value will
+be automatically escaped using the `{1 ?}` rule described above:
+
+```tomo
+# Risk of code injection (would cause an error because 'xxx' is not a valid
+# pattern name:
+>> user_input := get_user_input()
+= "{xxx}"
+
+# Interpolation automatically escapes:
+>> $/$user_input/
+= $/{1{}..xxx}/
+
+# This is: `{ 1{ }` (one open brace) followed by the literal text "..xxx}"
+
+# No error:
+>> some_text:find($/$user_input/)
+= 0
+```
+
+If you prefer, you can also use this to insert literal characters:
+
+```tomo
+>> $/literal $"{..}"/
+= $/literal {1{}..}/
+```
+
+## Repetitions
+
+By default, named patterns match 1 or more repetitions, but you can specify how
+many repetitions you want by putting a number or range of numbers first using
+`n` (exactly `n` repetitions), `n-m` (between `n` and `m` repetitions), or `n+`
+(`n` or more repetitions):
+
+```
+{4-5 alpha}
+0x{hex}
+{4 digit}-{2 digit}-{2 digit}
+{2+ space}
+{0-1 question mark}
+```
diff --git a/examples/patterns/match_type.h b/examples/patterns/match_type.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d063431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/patterns/match_type.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#pragma once
+
+typedef struct {
+    Text_t text;
+    Int_t index;
+    Array_t captures;
+} XMatch;
+
diff --git a/examples/patterns/patterns.c b/examples/patterns/patterns.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ade68e04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/patterns/patterns.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1291 @@
+// Logic for text pattern matching
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <tomo/tomo.h>
+#include <unictype.h>
+#include <uniname.h>
+#include <unistring/version.h>
+
+#define MAX_BACKREFS 100
+
+typedef struct {
+    Text_t text;
+    Int_t index;
+    Array_t captures;
+} PatternMatch;
+
+typedef struct {
+    Text_t text;
+    Int_t index;
+    Array_t captures;
+    bool is_none:1;
+} OptionalPatternMatch;
+
+#define NONE_MATCH ((OptionalPatternMatch){.is_none=true})
+
+typedef struct {
+    int64_t index, length;
+    bool occupied, recursive;
+} capture_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    enum { PAT_START, PAT_END, PAT_ANY, PAT_GRAPHEME, PAT_PROPERTY, PAT_QUOTE, PAT_PAIR, PAT_FUNCTION } tag;
+    bool negated, non_capturing;
+    int64_t min, max;
+    union {
+        int32_t grapheme;
+        uc_property_t property;
+        int64_t (*fn)(TextIter_t *, int64_t);
+        int32_t quote_graphemes[2];
+        int32_t pair_graphemes[2];
+    };
+} pat_t;
+
+static Text_t replace_array(Text_t text, Array_t replacements, Text_t backref_pat, bool recursive);
+
+static INLINE void skip_whitespace(TextIter_t *state, int64_t *i)
+{
+    while (*i < state->stack[0].text.length) {
+        int32_t grapheme = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *i);
+        if (grapheme > 0 && !uc_is_property_white_space((ucs4_t)grapheme))
+            return;
+        *i += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+static INLINE bool match_grapheme(TextIter_t *state, int64_t *i, int32_t grapheme)
+{
+    if (*i < state->stack[0].text.length && Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *i) == grapheme) {
+        *i += 1;
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static INLINE bool match_str(TextIter_t *state, int64_t *i, const char *str)
+{
+    int64_t matched = 0;
+    while (matched[str]) {
+        if (*i + matched >= state->stack[0].text.length || Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *i + matched) != str[matched])
+            return false;
+        matched += 1;
+    }
+    *i += matched;
+    return true;
+}
+
+static int64_t parse_int(TextIter_t *state, int64_t *i)
+{
+    int64_t value = 0;
+    for (;; *i += 1) {
+        uint32_t grapheme = Text$get_main_grapheme_fast(state, *i);
+        int digit = uc_digit_value(grapheme);
+        if (digit < 0) break;
+        if (value >= INT64_MAX/10) break;
+        value = 10*value + digit;
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+
+static const char *get_property_name(TextIter_t *state, int64_t *i)
+{
+    skip_whitespace(state, i);
+    char *name = GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(UNINAME_MAX);
+    char *dest = name;
+    while (*i < state->stack[0].text.length) {
+        int32_t grapheme = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *i);
+        if (!(grapheme & ~0xFF) && (isalnum(grapheme) || grapheme == ' ' || grapheme == '_' || grapheme == '-')) {
+            *dest = (char)grapheme;
+            ++dest;
+            if (dest >= name + UNINAME_MAX - 1)
+                break;
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+        *i += 1;
+    }
+
+    while (dest > name && dest[-1] == ' ')
+        *(dest--) = '\0';
+
+    if (dest == name) return NULL;
+    *dest = '\0';
+    return name;
+}
+
+#define EAT1(state, index, cond) ({\
+        int32_t grapheme = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index); \
+        bool success = (cond); \
+        if (success) index += 1; \
+        success; })
+
+#define EAT2(state, index, cond1, cond2) ({\
+        int32_t grapheme = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index); \
+        bool success = (cond1); \
+        if (success) { \
+            grapheme = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index + 1); \
+            success = (cond2); \
+            if (success) \
+                index += 2; \
+        } \
+        success; })
+
+
+#define EAT_MANY(state, index, cond) ({ int64_t _n = 0; while (EAT1(state, index, cond)) { _n += 1; } _n; })
+
+static int64_t match_email(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    // email = local "@" domain
+    // local = 1-64 ([a-zA-Z0-9!#$%&‘*+–/=?^_`.{|}~] | non-ascii)
+    // domain = dns-label ("." dns-label)*
+    // dns-label = 1-63 ([a-zA-Z0-9-] | non-ascii)
+
+    if (index > 0) {
+        uint32_t prev_codepoint = Text$get_main_grapheme_fast(state, index - 1);
+        if (uc_is_property_alphabetic(prev_codepoint))
+            return -1;
+    }
+
+    int64_t start_index = index;
+
+    // Local part:
+    int64_t local_len = 0;
+    static const char *allowed_local = "!#$%&‘*+–/=?^_`.{|}~";
+    while (EAT1(state, index,
+                (grapheme & ~0x7F) || isalnum((char)grapheme) || strchr(allowed_local, (char)grapheme))) {
+        local_len += 1;
+        if (local_len > 64) return -1;
+    }
+    
+    if (!EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '@'))
+        return -1;
+
+    // Host
+    int64_t host_len = 0;
+    do {
+        int64_t label_len = 0;
+        while (EAT1(state, index,
+                    (grapheme & ~0x7F) || isalnum((char)grapheme) || grapheme == '-')) {
+            label_len += 1;
+            if (label_len > 63) return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (label_len == 0)
+            return -1;
+
+        host_len += label_len;
+        if (host_len > 255)
+            return -1;
+        host_len += 1;
+    } while (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '.'));
+
+    return index - start_index;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_ipv6(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    if (index > 0) {
+        int32_t prev_codepoint = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index - 1);
+        if ((prev_codepoint & ~0x7F) && (isxdigit(prev_codepoint) || prev_codepoint == ':'))
+            return -1;
+    }
+    int64_t start_index = index;
+    const int NUM_CLUSTERS = 8;
+    bool double_colon_used = false;
+    for (int cluster = 0; cluster < NUM_CLUSTERS; cluster++) {
+        for (int digits = 0; digits < 4; digits++) {
+            if (!EAT1(state, index, ~(grapheme & ~0x7F) && isxdigit((char)grapheme)))
+                break;
+        }
+        if (EAT1(state, index, ~(grapheme & ~0x7F) && isxdigit((char)grapheme)))
+            return -1; // Too many digits
+
+        if (cluster == NUM_CLUSTERS-1) {
+            break;
+        } else if (!EAT1(state, index, grapheme == ':')) {
+            if (double_colon_used)
+                break;
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == ':')) {
+            if (double_colon_used)
+                return -1;
+            double_colon_used = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return index - start_index;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_ipv4(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    if (index > 0) {
+        int32_t prev_codepoint = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index - 1);
+        if ((prev_codepoint & ~0x7F) && (isdigit(prev_codepoint) || prev_codepoint == '.'))
+            return -1;
+    }
+    int64_t start_index = index;
+
+    const int NUM_CLUSTERS = 4;
+    for (int cluster = 0; cluster < NUM_CLUSTERS; cluster++) {
+        for (int digits = 0; digits < 3; digits++) {
+            if (!EAT1(state, index, ~(grapheme & ~0x7F) && isdigit((char)grapheme))) {
+                if (digits == 0) return -1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (EAT1(state, index, ~(grapheme & ~0x7F) && isdigit((char)grapheme)))
+            return -1; // Too many digits
+
+        if (cluster == NUM_CLUSTERS-1)
+            break;
+        else if (!EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '.'))
+            return -1;
+    }
+    return (index - start_index);
+}
+
+static int64_t match_ip(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    int64_t len = match_ipv6(state, index);
+    if (len >= 0) return len;
+    len = match_ipv4(state, index);
+    return (len >= 0) ? len : -1;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_host(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    int64_t ip_len = match_ip(state, index);
+    if (ip_len > 0) return ip_len;
+
+    int64_t start_index = index;
+    if (match_grapheme(state, &index, '[')) {
+        ip_len = match_ip(state, index);
+        if (ip_len <= 0) return -1;
+        index += ip_len;
+        if (match_grapheme(state, &index, ']'))
+            return (index - start_index);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!EAT1(state, index, isalpha(grapheme)))
+        return -1;
+
+    static const char *non_host_chars = "/#?:@ \t\r\n<>[]{}\\^|\"`";
+    EAT_MANY(state, index, (grapheme & ~0x7F) || !strchr(non_host_chars, (char)grapheme));
+    return (index - start_index);
+}
+
+static int64_t match_authority(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    int64_t authority_start = index;
+    static const char *non_segment_chars = "/#?:@ \t\r\n<>[]{}\\^|\"`.";
+
+    // Optional user@ prefix:
+    int64_t username_len = EAT_MANY(state, index, (grapheme & ~0x7F) || !strchr(non_segment_chars, (char)grapheme));
+    if (username_len < 1 || !EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '@'))
+        index = authority_start; // No user@ part
+
+    // Host:
+    int64_t host_len = match_host(state, index);
+    if (host_len <= 0) return -1;
+    index += host_len;
+
+    // Port:
+    if (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == ':')) {
+        if (EAT_MANY(state, index, !(grapheme & ~0x7F) && isdigit(grapheme)) == 0)
+            return -1;
+    }
+    return (index - authority_start);
+}
+
+static int64_t match_uri(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    // URI = scheme ":" ["//" authority] path ["?" query] ["#" fragment]
+    // scheme = [a-zA-Z] [a-zA-Z0-9+.-]
+    // authority = [userinfo "@"] host [":" port]
+
+    if (index > 0) {
+        // Don't match if we're not at a word edge:
+        uint32_t prev_codepoint = Text$get_main_grapheme_fast(state, index - 1);
+        if (uc_is_property_alphabetic(prev_codepoint))
+            return -1;
+    }
+
+    int64_t start_index = index;
+
+    // Scheme:
+    if (!EAT1(state, index, isalpha(grapheme)))
+        return -1;
+    EAT_MANY(state, index, !(grapheme & ~0x7F) && (isalnum(grapheme) || grapheme == '+' || grapheme == '.' || grapheme == '-'));
+    if (!match_grapheme(state, &index, ':'))
+        return -1;
+
+    // Authority:
+    int64_t authority_len;
+    if (match_str(state, &index, "//")) {
+        authority_len = match_authority(state, index);
+        if (authority_len > 0)
+            index += authority_len;
+    } else {
+        authority_len = 0;
+    }
+
+    // Path:
+    int64_t path_start = index;
+    if (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '/') || authority_len <= 0) {
+        static const char *non_path = " \"#?<>[]{}\\^`|";
+        EAT_MANY(state, index, (grapheme & ~0x7F) || !strchr(non_path, (char)grapheme));
+
+        if (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '?')) { // Query
+            static const char *non_query = " \"#<>[]{}\\^`|";
+            EAT_MANY(state, index, (grapheme & ~0x7F) || !strchr(non_query, (char)grapheme));
+        }
+        
+        if (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '#')) { // Fragment
+            static const char *non_fragment = " \"#<>[]{}\\^`|";
+            EAT_MANY(state, index, (grapheme & ~0x7F) || !strchr(non_fragment, (char)grapheme));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (authority_len <= 0 && index == path_start)
+        return -1;
+
+    return index - start_index;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_url(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    int64_t lookahead = index;
+    if (!(match_str(state, &lookahead, "https:")
+        || match_str(state, &lookahead, "http:")
+        || match_str(state, &lookahead, "ftp:")
+        || match_str(state, &lookahead, "wss:")
+        || match_str(state, &lookahead, "ws:")))
+        return -1;
+
+    return match_uri(state, index);
+}
+
+static int64_t match_id(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    if (!EAT1(state, index, uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_XID_START)))
+        return -1;
+    return 1 + EAT_MANY(state, index, uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_XID_CONTINUE));
+}
+
+static int64_t match_int(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    int64_t negative = EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '-') ? 1 : 0;
+    int64_t len = EAT_MANY(state, index, uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_DECIMAL_DIGIT));
+    return len > 0 ? negative + len : -1;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_alphanumeric(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    return EAT1(state, index, uc_is_property_alphabetic((ucs4_t)grapheme) || uc_is_property_numeric((ucs4_t)grapheme))
+        ? 1 : -1;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_num(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    bool negative = EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '-') ? 1 : 0;
+    int64_t pre_decimal = EAT_MANY(state, index,
+                                   uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_DECIMAL_DIGIT));
+    bool decimal = (EAT1(state, index, grapheme == '.') == 1);
+    int64_t post_decimal = decimal ? EAT_MANY(state, index,
+                                              uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_DECIMAL_DIGIT)) : 0;
+    if (pre_decimal == 0 && post_decimal == 0)
+        return -1;
+    return negative + pre_decimal + decimal + post_decimal;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_newline(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index)
+{
+    if (index >= state->stack[0].text.length)
+        return -1;
+
+    uint32_t grapheme = index >= state->stack[0].text.length ? 0 : Text$get_main_grapheme_fast(state, index);
+    if (grapheme == '\n')
+        return 1;
+    if (grapheme == '\r' && Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index + 1) == '\n')
+        return 2;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static int64_t match_pat(TextIter_t *state, int64_t index, pat_t pat)
+{
+    Text_t text = state->stack[0].text;
+    int32_t grapheme = index >= text.length ? 0 : Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index);
+
+    switch (pat.tag) {
+    case PAT_START: {
+        if (index == 0)
+            return pat.negated ? -1 : 0;
+        return pat.negated ? 0 : -1;
+    }
+    case PAT_END: {
+        if (index >= text.length)
+            return pat.negated ? -1 : 0;
+        return pat.negated ? 0 : -1;
+    }
+    case PAT_ANY: {
+        assert(!pat.negated);
+        return (index < text.length) ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    case PAT_GRAPHEME: {
+        if (index >= text.length)
+            return -1;
+        else if (grapheme == pat.grapheme)
+            return pat.negated ? -1 : 1;
+        return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    case PAT_PROPERTY: {
+        if (index >= text.length)
+            return -1;
+        else if (uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, pat.property))
+            return pat.negated ? -1 : 1;
+        return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    case PAT_PAIR: {
+        // Nested punctuation: (?), [?], etc
+        if (index >= text.length)
+            return -1;
+
+        int32_t open = pat.pair_graphemes[0];
+        if (grapheme != open)
+            return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+
+        int32_t close = pat.pair_graphemes[1];
+        int64_t depth = 1;
+        int64_t match_len = 1;
+        for (; depth > 0; match_len++) {
+            if (index + match_len >= text.length)
+                return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+
+            int32_t c = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, index + match_len);
+            if (c == open)
+                depth += 1;
+            else if (c == close)
+                depth -= 1;
+        }
+        return pat.negated ? -1 : match_len;
+    }
+    case PAT_QUOTE: {
+        // Nested quotes: "?", '?', etc
+        if (index >= text.length)
+            return -1;
+
+        int32_t open = pat.quote_graphemes[0];
+        if (grapheme != open)
+            return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+
+        int32_t close = pat.quote_graphemes[1];
+        for (int64_t i = index + 1; i < text.length; i++) {
+            int32_t c = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, i);
+            if (c == close) {
+                return pat.negated ? -1 : (i - index) + 1;
+            } else if (c == '\\' && index + 1 < text.length) {
+                i += 1; // Skip ahead an extra step
+            }
+        }
+        return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    case PAT_FUNCTION: {
+        int64_t match_len = pat.fn(state, index);
+        if (match_len >= 0)
+            return pat.negated ? -1 : match_len;
+        return pat.negated ? 1 : -1;
+    }
+    default: errx(1, "Invalid pattern");
+    }
+    errx(1, "Unreachable");
+}
+
+static pat_t parse_next_pat(TextIter_t *state, int64_t *index)
+{
+    if (EAT2(state, *index,
+             uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK),
+             grapheme == '?')) {
+        // Quotations: "?", '?', etc
+        int32_t open = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *index-2);
+        int32_t close = open;
+        uc_mirror_char((ucs4_t)open, (ucs4_t*)&close);
+        if (!match_grapheme(state, index, close))
+            fail("Pattern's closing quote is missing: ", state->stack[0].text);
+
+        return (pat_t){
+            .tag=PAT_QUOTE,
+            .min=1, .max=1,
+            .quote_graphemes={open, close},
+        };
+    } else if (EAT2(state, *index,
+                    uc_is_property((ucs4_t)grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION),
+                    grapheme == '?')) {
+        // Nested punctuation: (?), [?], etc
+        int32_t open = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *index-2);
+        int32_t close = open;
+        uc_mirror_char((ucs4_t)open, (ucs4_t*)&close);
+        if (!match_grapheme(state, index, close))
+            fail("Pattern's closing brace is missing: ", state->stack[0].text);
+        
+        return (pat_t){
+            .tag=PAT_PAIR,
+            .min=1, .max=1,
+            .pair_graphemes={open, close},
+        };
+    } else if (EAT1(state, *index, grapheme == '{')) { // named patterns {id}, {2-3 hex}, etc.
+        skip_whitespace(state, index);
+        int64_t min, max;
+        if (uc_is_digit((ucs4_t)Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, *index))) {
+            min = parse_int(state, index);
+            skip_whitespace(state, index);
+            if (match_grapheme(state, index, '+')) {
+                max = INT64_MAX;
+            } else if (match_grapheme(state, index, '-')) {
+                max = parse_int(state, index);
+            } else {
+                max = min;
+            }
+            if (min > max) fail("Minimum repetitions (", min, ") is less than the maximum (", max, ")");
+        } else {
+            min = -1, max = -1;
+        }
+
+        skip_whitespace(state, index);
+
+        bool negated = match_grapheme(state, index, '!');
+#define PAT(_tag, ...) ((pat_t){.min=min, .max=max, .negated=negated, .tag=_tag, __VA_ARGS__})
+        const char *prop_name;
+        if (match_str(state, index, ".."))
+            prop_name = "..";
+        else
+            prop_name = get_property_name(state, index);
+
+        if (!prop_name) {
+            // Literal character, e.g. {1?}
+            skip_whitespace(state, index);
+            int32_t grapheme = Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, (*index)++);
+            if (!match_grapheme(state, index, '}'))
+                fail("Missing closing '}' in pattern: ", state->stack[0].text);
+            return PAT(PAT_GRAPHEME, .grapheme=grapheme);
+        } else if (strlen(prop_name) == 1) {
+            // Single letter names: {1+ A}
+            skip_whitespace(state, index);
+            if (!match_grapheme(state, index, '}'))
+                fail("Missing closing '}' in pattern: ", state->stack[0].text);
+            return PAT(PAT_GRAPHEME, .grapheme=prop_name[0]);
+        }
+
+        skip_whitespace(state, index);
+        if (!match_grapheme(state, index, '}'))
+            fail("Missing closing '}' in pattern: ", state->stack[0].text);
+
+        switch (tolower(prop_name[0])) {
+        case '.':
+            if (prop_name[1] == '.') {
+                if (negated)
+                    return ((pat_t){.tag=PAT_END, .min=min, .max=max, .non_capturing=true});
+                else
+                    return PAT(PAT_ANY); 
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'a':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "authority") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_authority);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "alphanum") == 0 || strcasecmp(prop_name, "anum") == 0
+                       || strcasecmp(prop_name, "alphanumeric") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_alphanumeric);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'c': 
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "crlf") == 0)
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_newline);
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "digit") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_PROPERTY, .property=UC_PROPERTY_DECIMAL_DIGIT);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'e':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "end") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_END, .non_capturing=!negated);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "email") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_email);
+            }
+#if _LIBUNISTRING_VERSION >= 0x0100000
+            else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "emoji") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_PROPERTY, .property=UC_PROPERTY_EMOJI);
+            }
+#endif
+            break;
+        case 'h':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "host") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_host);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'i':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "id") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_id);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "int") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_int);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "ipv4") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_ipv4);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "ipv6") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_ipv6);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "ip") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_ip);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'n':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "nl") == 0 || strcasecmp(prop_name, "newline") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_newline);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "num") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_num);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 's':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "start") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_START, .non_capturing=!negated);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'u':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "uri") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_uri);
+            } else if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "url") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_url);
+            }
+            break;
+        case 'w':
+            if (strcasecmp(prop_name, "word") == 0) {
+                return PAT(PAT_FUNCTION, .fn=match_id);
+            }
+            break;
+        default: break;
+        }
+
+        uc_property_t prop = uc_property_byname(prop_name);
+        if (uc_property_is_valid(prop))
+            return PAT(PAT_PROPERTY, .property=prop);
+
+        ucs4_t grapheme = unicode_name_character(prop_name);
+        if (grapheme == UNINAME_INVALID)
+            fail("Not a valid property or character name: ", prop_name);
+        return PAT(PAT_GRAPHEME, .grapheme=(int32_t)grapheme);
+#undef PAT
+    } else {
+        return (pat_t){.tag=PAT_GRAPHEME, .non_capturing=true, .min=1, .max=1, .grapheme=Text$get_grapheme_fast(state, (*index)++)};
+    }
+}
+
+static int64_t match(Text_t text, int64_t text_index, Text_t pattern, int64_t pattern_index, capture_t *captures, int64_t capture_index)
+{
+    if (pattern_index >= pattern.length) // End of the pattern
+        return 0;
+
+    int64_t start_index = text_index;
+    TextIter_t pattern_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(pattern), text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text);
+    pat_t pat = parse_next_pat(&pattern_state, &pattern_index);
+
+    if (pat.min == -1 && pat.max == -1) {
+        if (pat.tag == PAT_ANY && pattern_index >= pattern.length) {
+            pat.min = pat.max = MAX(1, text.length - text_index);
+        } else {
+            pat.min = 1;
+            pat.max = INT64_MAX;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int64_t capture_start = text_index;
+    int64_t count = 0, capture_len = 0, next_match_len = 0;
+
+    if (pat.tag == PAT_ANY && pattern_index >= pattern.length) {
+        int64_t remaining = text.length - text_index;
+        capture_len = remaining >= pat.min ? MIN(remaining, pat.max) : -1;
+        text_index += capture_len;
+        goto success;
+    }
+
+    if (pat.min == 0 && pattern_index < pattern.length) {
+        next_match_len = match(text, text_index, pattern, pattern_index, captures, capture_index + (pat.non_capturing ? 0 : 1));
+        if (next_match_len >= 0) {
+            capture_len = 0;
+            goto success;
+        }
+    }
+
+    while (count < pat.max) {
+        int64_t match_len = match_pat(&text_state, text_index, pat);
+        if (match_len < 0)
+            break;
+        capture_len += match_len;
+        text_index += match_len;
+        count += 1;
+
+        if (pattern_index < pattern.length) { // More stuff after this
+            if (count < pat.min)
+                next_match_len = -1;
+            else
+                next_match_len = match(text, text_index, pattern, pattern_index, captures, capture_index + (pat.non_capturing ? 0 : 1));
+        } else {
+            next_match_len = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (match_len == 0) {
+            if (next_match_len >= 0) {
+                // If we're good to go, no need to keep re-matching zero-length
+                // matches till we hit max:
+                count = pat.max;
+                break;
+            } else {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (pattern_index < pattern.length && next_match_len >= 0)
+            break; // Next guy exists and wants to stop here
+
+        if (text_index >= text.length)
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if (count < pat.min || next_match_len < 0)
+        return -1;
+
+  success:
+    if (captures && capture_index < MAX_BACKREFS && !pat.non_capturing) {
+        if (pat.tag == PAT_PAIR || pat.tag == PAT_QUOTE) {
+            assert(capture_len > 0);
+            captures[capture_index] = (capture_t){
+                .index=capture_start + 1, // Skip leading quote/paren
+                .length=capture_len - 2, // Skip open/close 
+                .occupied=true,
+                .recursive=(pat.tag == PAT_PAIR),
+            };
+        } else {
+            captures[capture_index] = (capture_t){
+                .index=capture_start,
+                .length=capture_len,
+                .occupied=true,
+                .recursive=false,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    return (text_index - start_index) + next_match_len;
+}
+
+#undef EAT1
+#undef EAT2
+#undef EAT_MANY
+
+static int64_t _find(Text_t text, Text_t pattern, int64_t first, int64_t last, int64_t *match_length, capture_t *captures)
+{
+    int32_t first_grapheme = Text$get_grapheme(pattern, 0);
+    bool find_first = (first_grapheme != '{'
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK)
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION));
+
+    TextIter_t text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text);
+    for (int64_t i = first; i <= last; i++) {
+        // Optimization: quickly skip ahead to first char in pattern:
+        if (find_first) {
+            while (i < text.length && Text$get_grapheme_fast(&text_state, i) != first_grapheme)
+                ++i;
+        }
+
+        int64_t m = match(text, i, pattern, 0, captures, 0);
+        if (m >= 0) {
+            if (match_length)
+                *match_length = m;
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    if (match_length)
+        *match_length = -1;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static OptionalPatternMatch find(Text_t text, Text_t pattern, Int_t from_index)
+{
+    int64_t first = Int64$from_int(from_index, false);
+    if (first == 0) fail("Invalid index: 0");
+    if (first < 0) first = text.length + first + 1;
+    if (first > text.length || first < 1)
+        return NONE_MATCH;
+
+    capture_t captures[MAX_BACKREFS] = {};
+    int64_t len = 0;
+    int64_t found = _find(text, pattern, first-1, text.length-1, &len, captures);
+    if (found == -1)
+        return NONE_MATCH;
+
+    Array_t capture_array = {};
+    for (int i = 0; captures[i].occupied; i++) {
+        Text_t capture = Text$slice(text, I(captures[i].index+1), I(captures[i].index+captures[i].length));
+        Array$insert(&capture_array, &capture, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+    }
+    return (OptionalPatternMatch){
+        .text=Text$slice(text, I(found+1), I(found+len)),
+        .index=I(found+1),
+        .captures=capture_array,
+    };
+}
+
+PUREFUNC static bool Pattern$has(Text_t text, Text_t pattern)
+{
+    if (Text$starts_with(pattern, Text("{start}"))) {
+        int64_t m = match(text, 0, pattern, 0, NULL, 0);
+        return m >= 0;
+    } else if (Text$ends_with(text, Text("{end}"))) {
+        for (int64_t i = text.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            int64_t match_len = match(text, i, pattern, 0, NULL, 0);
+            if (match_len >= 0 && i + match_len == text.length)
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    } else {
+        int64_t found = _find(text, pattern, 0, text.length-1, NULL, NULL);
+        return (found >= 0);
+    }
+}
+
+static OptionalArray_t Pattern$matches(Text_t text, Text_t pattern)
+{
+    capture_t captures[MAX_BACKREFS] = {};
+    int64_t match_len = match(text, 0, pattern, 0, captures, 0);
+    if (match_len != text.length)
+        return NONE_ARRAY;
+
+    Array_t capture_array = {};
+    for (int i = 0; captures[i].occupied; i++) {
+        Text_t capture = Text$slice(text, I(captures[i].index+1), I(captures[i].index+captures[i].length));
+        Array$insert(&capture_array, &capture, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+    }
+    return capture_array;
+}
+
+static Array_t Pattern$find_all(Text_t text, Text_t pattern)
+{
+    if (pattern.length == 0) // special case
+        return (Array_t){.length=0};
+
+    Array_t matches = {};
+    for (int64_t i = 1; ; ) {
+        OptionalPatternMatch m = find(text, pattern, I(i));
+        if (m.is_none)
+            break;
+        i = Int64$from_int(m.index, false) + m.text.length;
+        Array$insert(&matches, &m, I_small(0), sizeof(PatternMatch));
+    }
+    return matches;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    TextIter_t state;
+    Int_t i;
+    Text_t pattern;
+} match_iter_state_t;
+
+static OptionalPatternMatch next_match(match_iter_state_t *state)
+{
+    if (Int64$from_int(state->i, false) > state->state.stack[0].text.length)
+        return NONE_MATCH;
+
+    OptionalPatternMatch m = find(state->state.stack[0].text, state->pattern, state->i);
+    if (m.is_none) // No match
+        state->i = I(state->state.stack[0].text.length + 1);
+    else
+        state->i = Int$plus(m.index, I(MAX(1, m.text.length)));
+    return m;
+}
+
+static Closure_t Pattern$by_match(Text_t text, Text_t pattern)
+{
+    return (Closure_t){
+        .fn=(void*)next_match,
+        .userdata=new(match_iter_state_t, .state=NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text), .i=I_small(1), .pattern=pattern),
+    };
+}
+
+static Text_t apply_backrefs(Text_t text, Array_t recursive_replacements, Text_t replacement, Text_t backref_pat, capture_t *captures)
+{
+    if (backref_pat.length == 0)
+        return replacement;
+
+    int32_t first_grapheme = Text$get_grapheme(backref_pat, 0);
+    bool find_first = (first_grapheme != '{'
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK)
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION));
+
+    Text_t ret = Text("");
+    TextIter_t replacement_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(replacement);
+    int64_t nonmatching_pos = 0;
+    for (int64_t pos = 0; pos < replacement.length; ) {
+        // Optimization: quickly skip ahead to first char in the backref pattern:
+        if (find_first) {
+            while (pos < replacement.length && Text$get_grapheme_fast(&replacement_state, pos) != first_grapheme)
+                ++pos;
+        }
+
+        int64_t backref_len = match(replacement, pos, backref_pat, 0, NULL, 0);
+        if (backref_len < 0) {
+            pos += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        int64_t after_backref = pos + backref_len;
+        int64_t backref = parse_int(&replacement_state, &after_backref);
+        if (after_backref == pos + backref_len) { // Not actually a backref if there's no number
+            pos += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (backref < 0 || backref > 9) fail("Invalid backref index: ", backref, " (only 0-", MAX_BACKREFS-1, " are allowed)");
+        backref_len = (after_backref - pos);
+
+        if (Text$get_grapheme_fast(&replacement_state, pos + backref_len) == ';')
+            backref_len += 1; // skip optional semicolon
+
+        if (!captures[backref].occupied)
+            fail("There is no capture number ", backref, "!");
+
+        Text_t backref_text = Text$slice(text, I(captures[backref].index+1), I(captures[backref].index + captures[backref].length));
+
+        if (captures[backref].recursive && recursive_replacements.length > 0)
+            backref_text = replace_array(backref_text, recursive_replacements, backref_pat, true);
+
+        if (pos > nonmatching_pos) {
+            Text_t before_slice = Text$slice(replacement, I(nonmatching_pos+1), I(pos));
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, before_slice, backref_text);
+        } else {
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, backref_text);
+        }
+
+        pos += backref_len;
+        nonmatching_pos = pos;
+    }
+    if (nonmatching_pos < replacement.length) {
+        Text_t last_slice = Text$slice(replacement, I(nonmatching_pos+1), I(replacement.length));
+        ret = Text$concat(ret, last_slice);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static Text_t Pattern$replace(Text_t text, Text_t pattern, Text_t replacement, Text_t backref_pat, bool recursive)
+{
+    Text_t ret = EMPTY_TEXT;
+
+    int32_t first_grapheme = Text$get_grapheme(pattern, 0);
+    bool find_first = (first_grapheme != '{'
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK)
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION));
+
+    Text_t entries[2] = {pattern, replacement};
+    Array_t replacements = {
+        .data=entries,
+        .length=1,
+        .stride=sizeof(entries),
+    };
+
+    TextIter_t text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text);
+    int64_t nonmatching_pos = 0;
+    for (int64_t pos = 0; pos < text.length; ) {
+        // Optimization: quickly skip ahead to first char in pattern:
+        if (find_first) {
+            while (pos < text.length && Text$get_grapheme_fast(&text_state, pos) != first_grapheme)
+                ++pos;
+        }
+
+        capture_t captures[MAX_BACKREFS] = {};
+        int64_t match_len = match(text, pos, pattern, 0, captures, 1);
+        if (match_len < 0) {
+            pos += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        captures[0] = (capture_t){
+            .index = pos, .length = match_len,
+            .occupied = true, .recursive = false,
+        };
+
+        Text_t replacement_text = apply_backrefs(text, recursive ? replacements : (Array_t){}, replacement, backref_pat, captures);
+        if (pos > nonmatching_pos) {
+            Text_t before_slice = Text$slice(text, I(nonmatching_pos+1), I(pos));
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, before_slice, replacement_text);
+        } else {
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, replacement_text);
+        }
+        nonmatching_pos = pos + match_len;
+        pos += MAX(match_len, 1);
+    }
+    if (nonmatching_pos < text.length) {
+        Text_t last_slice = Text$slice(text, I(nonmatching_pos+1), I(text.length));
+        ret = Text$concat(ret, last_slice);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static Text_t Pattern$trim(Text_t text, Text_t pattern, bool trim_left, bool trim_right)
+{
+    int64_t first = 0, last = text.length-1;
+    if (trim_left) {
+        int64_t match_len = match(text, 0, pattern, 0, NULL, 0);
+        if (match_len > 0)
+            first = match_len;
+    }
+
+    if (trim_right) {
+        for (int64_t i = text.length-1; i >= first; i--) {
+            int64_t match_len = match(text, i, pattern, 0, NULL, 0);
+            if (match_len > 0 && i + match_len == text.length)
+                last = i-1;
+        }
+    }
+    return Text$slice(text, I(first+1), I(last+1));
+}
+
+static Text_t Pattern$map(Text_t text, Text_t pattern, Closure_t fn, bool recursive)
+{
+    Text_t ret = EMPTY_TEXT;
+
+    int32_t first_grapheme = Text$get_grapheme(pattern, 0);
+    bool find_first = (first_grapheme != '{'
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK)
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION));
+
+    TextIter_t text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text);
+    int64_t nonmatching_pos = 0;
+
+    Text_t (*text_mapper)(PatternMatch, void*) = fn.fn;
+    for (int64_t pos = 0; pos < text.length; pos++) {
+        // Optimization: quickly skip ahead to first char in pattern:
+        if (find_first) {
+            while (pos < text.length && Text$get_grapheme_fast(&text_state, pos) != first_grapheme)
+                ++pos;
+        }
+
+        capture_t captures[MAX_BACKREFS] = {};
+        int64_t match_len = match(text, pos, pattern, 0, captures, 0);
+        if (match_len < 0) continue;
+
+        PatternMatch m = {
+            .text=Text$slice(text, I(pos+1), I(pos+match_len)),
+            .index=I(pos+1),
+            .captures={},
+        };
+        for (int i = 0; captures[i].occupied; i++) {
+            Text_t capture = Text$slice(text, I(captures[i].index+1), I(captures[i].index+captures[i].length));
+            if (recursive)
+                capture = Pattern$map(capture, pattern, fn, recursive);
+            Array$insert(&m.captures, &capture, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+        }
+
+        Text_t replacement = text_mapper(m, fn.userdata);
+        if (pos > nonmatching_pos) {
+            Text_t before_slice = Text$slice(text, I(nonmatching_pos+1), I(pos));
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, before_slice, replacement);
+        } else {
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, replacement);
+        }
+        nonmatching_pos = pos + match_len;
+        pos += (match_len - 1);
+    }
+    if (nonmatching_pos < text.length) {
+        Text_t last_slice = Text$slice(text, I(nonmatching_pos+1), I(text.length));
+        ret = Text$concat(ret, last_slice);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void Pattern$each(Text_t text, Text_t pattern, Closure_t fn, bool recursive)
+{
+    int32_t first_grapheme = Text$get_grapheme(pattern, 0);
+    bool find_first = (first_grapheme != '{'
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_QUOTATION_MARK)
+                       && !uc_is_property((ucs4_t)first_grapheme, UC_PROPERTY_PAIRED_PUNCTUATION));
+
+    TextIter_t text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text);
+    void (*action)(PatternMatch, void*) = fn.fn;
+    for (int64_t pos = 0; pos < text.length; pos++) {
+        // Optimization: quickly skip ahead to first char in pattern:
+        if (find_first) {
+            while (pos < text.length && Text$get_grapheme_fast(&text_state, pos) != first_grapheme)
+                ++pos;
+        }
+
+        capture_t captures[MAX_BACKREFS] = {};
+        int64_t match_len = match(text, pos, pattern, 0, captures, 0);
+        if (match_len < 0) continue;
+
+        PatternMatch m = {
+            .text=Text$slice(text, I(pos+1), I(pos+match_len)),
+            .index=I(pos+1),
+            .captures={},
+        };
+        for (int i = 0; captures[i].occupied; i++) {
+            Text_t capture = Text$slice(text, I(captures[i].index+1), I(captures[i].index+captures[i].length));
+            if (recursive)
+                Pattern$each(capture, pattern, fn, recursive);
+            Array$insert(&m.captures, &capture, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+        }
+
+        action(m, fn.userdata);
+        pos += (match_len - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+Text_t replace_array(Text_t text, Array_t replacements, Text_t backref_pat, bool recursive)
+{
+    if (replacements.length == 0) return text;
+
+    Text_t ret = EMPTY_TEXT;
+
+    int64_t nonmatch_pos = 0;
+    for (int64_t pos = 0; pos < text.length; ) {
+        // Find the first matching pattern at this position:
+        for (int64_t i = 0; i < replacements.length; i++) {
+            Text_t pattern = *(Text_t*)(replacements.data + i*replacements.stride);
+            capture_t captures[MAX_BACKREFS] = {};
+            int64_t len = match(text, pos, pattern, 0, captures, 1);
+            if (len < 0) continue;
+            captures[0].index = pos;
+            captures[0].length = len;
+
+            // If we skipped over some non-matching text before finding a match, insert it here:
+            if (pos > nonmatch_pos) {
+                Text_t before_slice = Text$slice(text, I(nonmatch_pos+1), I(pos));
+                ret = Text$concat(ret, before_slice);
+            }
+
+            // Concatenate the replacement:
+            Text_t replacement = *(Text_t*)(replacements.data + i*replacements.stride + sizeof(Text_t));
+            Text_t replacement_text = apply_backrefs(text, recursive ? replacements : (Array_t){}, replacement, backref_pat, captures);
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, replacement_text);
+            pos += MAX(len, 1);
+            nonmatch_pos = pos;
+            goto next_pos;
+        }
+
+        pos += 1;
+      next_pos:
+        continue;
+    }
+
+    if (nonmatch_pos <= text.length) {
+        Text_t last_slice = Text$slice(text, I(nonmatch_pos+1), I(text.length));
+        ret = Text$concat(ret, last_slice);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static Text_t Pattern$replace_all(Text_t text, Table_t replacements, Text_t backref_pat, bool recursive)
+{
+    return replace_array(text, replacements.entries, backref_pat, recursive);
+}
+
+static Array_t Pattern$split(Text_t text, Text_t pattern)
+{
+    if (text.length == 0) // special case
+        return (Array_t){.length=0};
+
+    if (pattern.length == 0) // special case
+        return Text$clusters(text);
+
+    Array_t chunks = {};
+
+    int64_t i = 0;
+    for (;;) {
+        int64_t len = 0;
+        int64_t found = _find(text, pattern, i, text.length-1, &len, NULL);
+        if (found == i && len == 0)
+            found = _find(text, pattern, i + 1, text.length-1, &len, NULL);
+        if (found < 0) break;
+        Text_t chunk = Text$slice(text, I(i+1), I(found));
+        Array$insert(&chunks, &chunk, I_small(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+        i = MAX(found + len, i + 1);
+    }
+
+    Text_t last_chunk = Text$slice(text, I(i+1), I(text.length));
+    Array$insert(&chunks, &last_chunk, I_small(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+
+    return chunks;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    TextIter_t state;
+    int64_t i;
+    Text_t pattern;
+} split_iter_state_t;
+
+static OptionalText_t next_split(split_iter_state_t *state)
+{
+    Text_t text = state->state.stack[0].text;
+    if (state->i >= text.length) {
+        if (state->pattern.length > 0 && state->i == text.length) { // special case
+            state->i = text.length + 1;
+            return EMPTY_TEXT;
+        }
+        return NONE_TEXT;
+    }
+
+    if (state->pattern.length == 0) { // special case
+        Text_t ret = Text$cluster(text, I(state->i+1));
+        state->i += 1;
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    int64_t start = state->i;
+    int64_t len = 0;
+    int64_t found = _find(text, state->pattern, start, text.length-1, &len, NULL);
+
+    if (found == start && len == 0)
+        found = _find(text, state->pattern, start + 1, text.length-1, &len, NULL);
+
+    if (found >= 0) {
+        state->i = MAX(found + len, state->i + 1);
+        return Text$slice(text, I(start+1), I(found));
+    } else {
+        state->i = state->state.stack[0].text.length + 1;
+        return Text$slice(text, I(start+1), I(text.length));
+    }
+}
+
+static Closure_t Pattern$by_split(Text_t text, Text_t pattern)
+{
+    return (Closure_t){
+        .fn=(void*)next_split,
+        .userdata=new(split_iter_state_t, .state=NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text), .i=0, .pattern=pattern),
+    };
+}
+
+static Text_t Pattern$escape_text(Text_t text)
+{
+    // TODO: optimize for spans of non-escaped text
+    Text_t ret = EMPTY_TEXT;
+    TextIter_t state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text);
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+        uint32_t g = Text$get_main_grapheme_fast(&state, i);
+        if (g == '{') {
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, Text("{1{}"));
+        } else if (g == '?'
+                   || uc_is_property_quotation_mark(g)
+                   || (uc_is_property_paired_punctuation(g) && uc_is_property_left_of_pair(g))) {
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, Text("{1"), Text$slice(text, I(i+1), I(i+1)), Text("}"));
+        } else {
+            ret = Text$concat(ret, Text$slice(text, I(i+1), I(i+1)));
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static Text_t Pattern$as_text(const void *obj, bool colorize, const TypeInfo_t *info)
+{
+    (void)info;
+    if (!obj) return Text("Pattern");
+
+    Text_t pat = *(Text_t*)obj;
+    Text_t quote = Pattern$has(pat, Text("/")) && !Pattern$has(pat, Text("|")) ? Text("|") : Text("/");
+    return Text$concat(colorize ? Text("\x1b[1m$\033[m") : Text("$"), Text$quoted(pat, colorize, quote));
+}
+
+// vim: ts=4 sw=0 et cino=L2,l1,(0,W4,m1,\:0
diff --git a/examples/patterns/patterns.tm b/examples/patterns/patterns.tm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa6c789f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/patterns/patterns.tm
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use ./patterns.c
+
+struct PatternMatch(text:Text, index:Int, captures:[Text])
+
+lang P:
+    convert(text:Text -> P):
+        return inline C : P { Pattern$escape_text(_$text); }
+
+    convert(n:Int -> P):
+        return P.from_text("$n")
+
+extend Text:
+    func matches(text:Text, pattern:P -> [Text]?):
+        return inline C : [Text]? { Pattern$matches(_$text, _$pattern); }
+
+    func pat_replace(text:Text, pattern:P, replacement:Text, backref="@", recursive=yes -> Text):
+        return inline C : Text { Pattern$replace(_$text, _$pattern, _$replacement, _$backref, _$recursive); }
+
+    func pat_replace_all(text:Text, replacements:{P,Text}, backref="@", recursive=yes -> Text):
+        return inline C : Text { Pattern$replace_all(_$text, _$replacements, _$backref, _$recursive); }
+
+    func has(text:Text, pattern:P -> Bool):
+        return inline C : Bool { Pattern$has(_$text, _$pattern); }
+
+    func find_all(text:Text, pattern:P -> [PatternMatch]):
+        return inline C : [PatternMatch] { Pattern$find_all(_$text, _$pattern); }
+
+    func by_match(text:Text, pattern:P -> func(->PatternMatch?)):
+        return inline C : func(->PatternMatch?) { Pattern$by_match(_$text, _$pattern); }
+
+    func each(text:Text, pattern:P, fn:func(m:PatternMatch), recursive=yes):
+        inline C { Pattern$each(_$text, _$pattern, _$fn, _$recursive); }
+
+    func map(text:Text, pattern:P, fn:func(m:PatternMatch -> Text), recursive=yes -> Text):
+        return inline C : Text { Pattern$map(_$text, _$pattern, _$fn, _$recursive); }
+
+    func split(text:Text, pattern:P -> [Text]):
+        return inline C : [Text] { Pattern$split(_$text, _$pattern); }
+
+    func by_split(text:Text, pattern:P -> func(->Text?)):
+        return inline C : func(->Text?) { Pattern$by_split(_$text, _$pattern); }
+
+    func trim(text:Text, pattern:P, trim_left=yes, trim_right=yes -> Text):
+        return inline C : Text { Pattern$trim(_$text, _$pattern, _$trim_left, _$trim_right); }
+
+    func trim_left(text:Text, pattern:P -> Text):
+        return text:trim(pattern, trim_left=yes, trim_right=no)
+
+    func trim_right(text:Text, pattern:P -> Text):
+        return text:trim(pattern, trim_left=no, trim_right=yes)
+
+func main():
+    >> "hello world":pat_replace($P/{id}/, "XXX")
+    >> "hello world":find_all($P/l/)
+
+    for m in "hello one two three":by_match($P/{id}/):
+        >> m
+