From af1bd79fd91d1a1efde3cf084643f065c61d330a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Nov 2025 14:10:28 -0500
Subject: Make EMPTY_TEXT into a macro

---
 src/stdlib/text.c | 7 -------
 src/stdlib/text.h | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.c b/src/stdlib/text.c
index d40e1306..f323d88d 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.c
@@ -146,13 +146,6 @@ static int32_t num_synthetic_graphemes = 0;
 
 static Text_t simple_concatenation(Text_t a, Text_t b);
 
-public
-Text_t EMPTY_TEXT = {
-    .length = 0,
-    .tag = TEXT_ASCII,
-    .ascii = 0,
-};
-
 PUREFUNC static bool graphemes_equal(const void *va, const void *vb, const TypeInfo_t *info) {
     (void)info;
     ucs4_t *a = *(ucs4_t **)va;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.h b/src/stdlib/text.h
index 821325a9..12b4bc20 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.h
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ typedef struct {
 
 #define Text(str) ((Text_t){.length = sizeof(str) - 1, .tag = TEXT_ASCII, .ascii = "" str})
 
+#define EMPTY_TEXT ((Text_t){.length = 0, .tag = TEXT_ASCII, .ascii = 0})
+
 static inline Text_t Text_from_str_literal(const char *str) {
     return (Text_t){.length = strlen(str), .tag = TEXT_ASCII, .ascii = str};
 }
@@ -121,7 +123,6 @@ MACROLIKE int32_t Text$get_grapheme(Text_t text, int64_t index) {
 }
 
 extern const TypeInfo_t Text$info;
-extern Text_t EMPTY_TEXT;
 
 #define Text$metamethods                                                                                               \
     {                                                                                                                  \
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 38ea5c4753e13b04e7c41c89bf0b58b5d47cc86d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Nov 2025 18:12:16 -0500
Subject: Bugfix for int parsing

---
 src/stdlib/bigint.c | 17 ++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/bigint.c b/src/stdlib/bigint.c
index be01a001..46957c2d 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/bigint.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/bigint.c
@@ -415,25 +415,28 @@ OptionalInt_t Int$parse(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder) {
     mpz_t i;
     int result;
     if (strncmp(str, "0x", 2) == 0) {
-        const char *end = str + 2 + strspn(str + 2, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF");
+        str += 2;
+        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF");
         if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
         else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str + 2, 16);
+        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 16);
     } else if (strncmp(str, "0o", 2) == 0) {
-        const char *end = str + 2 + strspn(str + 2, "01234567");
+        str += 2;
+        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "01234567");
         if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
         else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str + 2, 8);
+        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 8);
     } else if (strncmp(str, "0b", 2) == 0) {
-        const char *end = str + 2 + strspn(str + 2, "01");
+        str += 2;
+        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "01");
         if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
         else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str + 2, 2);
+        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 2);
     } else {
         const char *end = str + strspn(str, "0123456789");
         if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
         else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str, 10);
+        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 10);
     }
     if (result != 0) {
         if (remainder) *remainder = text;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a1884f7a85cbee5a67cf48c9e7b088fdea8b8b38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Nov 2025 18:12:57 -0500
Subject: Fix for potential issue with codepoint names

---
 src/stdlib/text.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.c b/src/stdlib/text.c
index f323d88d..8e800c8a 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.c
@@ -1605,6 +1605,7 @@ static INLINE const char *codepoint_name(ucs4_t c) {
     char *found_name = unicode_character_name(c, name);
     if (found_name) return found_name;
     const uc_block_t *block = uc_block(c);
+    if (!block) return "???";
     assert(block);
     return String(block->name, "-", hex(c, .no_prefix = true, .uppercase = true));
 }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 290c72732f21f1cddb3a0f8ec3213e4ec321da14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Nov 2025 18:13:44 -0500
Subject: Add Path.lines()

---
 src/stdlib/paths.c | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/stdlib/paths.h |  1 +
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.c b/src/stdlib/paths.c
index 810f98b1..704421c2 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.c
@@ -703,6 +703,28 @@ OptionalClosure_t Path$by_line(Path_t path) {
     return (Closure_t){.fn = (void *)_next_line, .userdata = wrapper};
 }
 
+public
+OptionalList_t Path$lines(Path_t path) {
+    const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
+    FILE *f = fopen(path_str, "r");
+    if (f == NULL) {
+        if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE) {
+            // If we hit file handle limits, run GC collection to try to clean up any lingering file handles that will
+            // be closed by GC finalizers.
+            GC_gcollect();
+            f = fopen(path_str, "r");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (f == NULL) return NONE_LIST;
+
+    List_t lines = {};
+    for (OptionalText_t line; (line = _next_line(&f)).tag != TEXT_NONE;) {
+        List$insert(&lines, &line, I(0), sizeof(line));
+    }
+    return lines;
+}
+
 public
 List_t Path$glob(Path_t path) {
     glob_t glob_result;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.h b/src/stdlib/paths.h
index ce6de1c8..3b1f3ce6 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.h
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ Path_t Path$sibling(Path_t path, Text_t name);
 Path_t Path$with_extension(Path_t path, Text_t extension, bool replace);
 Path_t Path$current_dir(void);
 Closure_t Path$by_line(Path_t path);
+OptionalList_t Path$lines(Path_t path);
 List_t Path$glob(Path_t path);
 
 uint64_t Path$hash(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 76b434a6be6c05d7d3dae5b77ec8fd886fd715d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Nov 2025 18:16:48 -0500
Subject: Bugfix for CLI arg parsing

---
 src/stdlib/cli.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 22ed9b94..3c474160 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ bool pop_cli_flag(List_t *args, char short_flag, const char *flag, void *dest, c
                     List_t texts = Text$split(Text$from_str(arg_value), Text(","));
                     values = EMPTY_LIST;
                     for (int64_t j = 0; j < (int64_t)texts.length; j++)
-                        List$insert_value(&texts, Text$as_c_string(*(Text_t *)(texts.data + j * texts.stride)), I(0),
+                        List$insert_value(&values, Text$as_c_string(*(Text_t *)(texts.data + j * texts.stride)), I(0),
                                           sizeof(const char *));
                 } else {
                     // Case: -fVALUE
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 3c80527f5d788ef80abe5cd3a28aabe168a6d69c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Nov 2025 22:19:16 -0500
Subject: Bugfix for optional path CLI args

---
 src/stdlib/cli.c | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 3c474160..3523296a 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ static List_t parse_arg_list(List_t args, const char *flag, void *dest, const Ty
             else if (nonnull == &Int16$info) ((OptionalInt16_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Int8$info) ((OptionalInt8_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Byte$info) ((OptionalByte_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
+            else if (nonnull == &Path$info) return args;
             else if (nonnull->tag == StructInfo && nonnull != &Path$info) *(bool *)(dest + nonnull->size) = true;
             else print_err("Unsupported type: ", generic_as_text(NULL, true, nonnull));
             return args;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0c93c3c614aa5b955b40e805226d8609c85d0923 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Nov 2025 22:20:56 -0500
Subject: Bugfix for empty file lines

---
 src/stdlib/paths.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.c b/src/stdlib/paths.c
index 704421c2..22effad7 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.c
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ OptionalList_t Path$lines(Path_t path) {
 
     if (f == NULL) return NONE_LIST;
 
-    List_t lines = {};
+    List_t lines = EMPTY_LIST;
     for (OptionalText_t line; (line = _next_line(&f)).tag != TEXT_NONE;) {
         List$insert(&lines, &line, I(0), sizeof(line));
     }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a529e344c07a064de1391c1a4bf354fe1a95707d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Nov 2025 14:15:40 -0500
Subject: Fix hex/octal leading zeroes for zero

---
 src/stdlib/print.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/print.c b/src/stdlib/print.c
index ef570f94..7da1343f 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/print.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/print.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ int _print_hex(FILE *f, hex_format_t hex) {
     int printed = 0;
     if (!hex.no_prefix) printed += fputs("0x", f);
     if (hex.digits > 0) {
+        hex.digits -= (hex.n == 0); // Don't need a leading zero for a zero
         for (uint64_t n = hex.n; n > 0 && hex.digits > 0; n /= 16) {
             hex.digits -= 1;
         }
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ int _print_oct(FILE *f, oct_format_t oct) {
     int printed = 0;
     if (!oct.no_prefix) printed += fputs("0o", f);
     if (oct.digits > 0) {
+        oct.digits -= (oct.n == 0); // Don't need a leading zero for a zero
         for (uint64_t n = oct.n; n > 0 && oct.digits > 0; n /= 8)
             oct.digits -= 1;
         for (; oct.digits > 0; oct.digits -= 1)
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From e0706bc707ea6a8be86cee9fde21971cde3d7a42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Nov 2025 16:34:41 -0500
Subject: Bugfix for infinite loop in text.replace("", ...) with empty string

---
 src/stdlib/text.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.c b/src/stdlib/text.c
index 8e800c8a..febcafce 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.c
@@ -1135,6 +1135,7 @@ Text_t Text$translate(Text_t text, Table_t translations) {
             struct {
                 Text_t target, replacement;
             } *entry = replacement_list.data + r * replacement_list.stride;
+            if (entry->target.length <= 0) continue;
             TextIter_t target_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(entry->target);
             if (_matches(&text_state, &target_state, i)) {
                 if (i > span_start) result = concat2(result, Text$slice(text, I(span_start + 1), I(i)));
@@ -1156,6 +1157,7 @@ Text_t Text$translate(Text_t text, Table_t translations) {
 
 public
 Text_t Text$replace(Text_t text, Text_t target, Text_t replacement) {
+    if (target.length <= 0) return text;
     TextIter_t text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text), target_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(target);
     Text_t result = EMPTY_TEXT;
     int64_t span_start = 0;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0aeacfbd83b0afe8a8ea654bc1554b8d7d29e9b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Nov 2025 16:56:57 -0500
Subject: CLI arg parsing fixes for optional types

---
 src/stdlib/cli.c | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 3523296a..08260171 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -215,12 +215,14 @@ static List_t parse_arg_list(List_t args, const char *flag, void *dest, const Ty
             return List$from(args, I(2));
         } else {
             args = parse_arg_list(args, flag, dest, nonnull, allow_dashes);
-            if (nonnull == &Int64$info) ((OptionalInt64_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
+            if (nonnull == &Int$info || nonnull == &Path$info || nonnull == &Num$info || nonnull == &Num32$info
+                || nonnull->tag == TextInfo)
+                return args;
+            else if (nonnull == &Int64$info) ((OptionalInt64_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Int32$info) ((OptionalInt32_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Int16$info) ((OptionalInt16_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Int8$info) ((OptionalInt8_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Byte$info) ((OptionalByte_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
-            else if (nonnull == &Path$info) return args;
             else if (nonnull->tag == StructInfo && nonnull != &Path$info) *(bool *)(dest + nonnull->size) = true;
             else print_err("Unsupported type: ", generic_as_text(NULL, true, nonnull));
             return args;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bb354d6d3626cdc0c2a1b802a954df244cd1facc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Nov 2025 19:11:55 -0500
Subject: Fixes for conditional expressions for optional types

---
 src/stdlib/cli.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 08260171..359220e9 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ static List_t parse_arg_list(List_t args, const char *flag, void *dest, const Ty
         } else {
             args = parse_arg_list(args, flag, dest, nonnull, allow_dashes);
             if (nonnull == &Int$info || nonnull == &Path$info || nonnull == &Num$info || nonnull == &Num32$info
-                || nonnull->tag == TextInfo)
+                || nonnull->tag == TextInfo || nonnull->tag == EnumInfo)
                 return args;
             else if (nonnull == &Int64$info) ((OptionalInt64_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
             else if (nonnull == &Int32$info) ((OptionalInt32_t *)dest)->has_value = true;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a453ebf215e5e3ec3b27fa5142af77d7e3ca0c92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Nov 2025 21:49:55 -0500
Subject: Change error message

---
 src/stdlib/cli.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 359220e9..04538796 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ static List_t parse_arg_list(List_t args, const char *flag, void *dest, const Ty
         if ((type->tag == TextInfo || type == &CString$info) && arg[0] == '\\' && arg[1] == '-') {
             arg = arg + 1;
         } else if (arg[0] == '-') {
-            print_err("Not a valid argument for flag ", flag, ": ", arg);
+            print_err("Not a valid flag: ", arg);
         }
     }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From cb9d3b1a2c2c59c368f6121a16a9ab928b0ff951 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:35:05 -0500
Subject: Added Text.find(text, target, start=1)

---
 src/stdlib/text.c | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 src/stdlib/text.h |  1 +
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.c b/src/stdlib/text.c
index febcafce..e51af49c 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.c
@@ -1057,8 +1057,8 @@ PUREFUNC public int32_t Text$compare(const void *va, const void *vb, const TypeI
 bool _matches(TextIter_t *text_state, TextIter_t *target_state, int64_t pos) {
     for (int64_t i = 0; i < (int64_t)target_state->stack[0].text.length; i++) {
         int32_t text_i = Text$get_grapheme_fast(text_state, pos + i);
-        int32_t prefix_i = Text$get_grapheme_fast(target_state, i);
-        if (text_i != prefix_i) return false;
+        int32_t target_i = Text$get_grapheme_fast(target_state, i);
+        if (text_i != target_i) return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -1106,6 +1106,19 @@ static bool _has_grapheme(TextIter_t *text, int32_t g) {
     return false;
 }
 
+public
+OptionalInt_t Text$find(Text_t text, Text_t target, Int_t start) {
+    if (text.length < target.length) return NONE_INT;
+    if (target.length <= 0) return I(1);
+    TextIter_t text_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(text), target_state = NEW_TEXT_ITER_STATE(target);
+    for (int64_t i = Int64$from_int(start, false) - 1; i < text.length - target.length + 1; i++) {
+        if (_matches(&text_state, &target_state, i)) {
+            return Int$from_int64(i + 1);
+        }
+    }
+    return NONE_INT;
+}
+
 public
 Text_t Text$trim(Text_t text, Text_t to_trim, bool left, bool right) {
     int64_t first = 0;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.h b/src/stdlib/text.h
index 12b4bc20..fba8b08f 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.h
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ PUREFUNC bool Text$starts_with(Text_t text, Text_t prefix, Text_t *remainder);
 PUREFUNC bool Text$ends_with(Text_t text, Text_t suffix, Text_t *remainder);
 Text_t Text$without_prefix(Text_t text, Text_t prefix);
 Text_t Text$without_suffix(Text_t text, Text_t suffix);
+OptionalInt_t Text$find(Text_t text, Text_t target, Int_t start);
 Text_t Text$replace(Text_t text, Text_t target, Text_t replacement);
 Text_t Text$translate(Text_t text, Table_t translations);
 PUREFUNC bool Text$has(Text_t text, Text_t target);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 0fa9a52090eb5d9ce88220c0134a8d2af6eb8d94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 13:28:48 -0500
Subject: Accessing enum fields now gives an optional value instead of a
 boolean

---
 src/stdlib/datatypes.h | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
index caabdacd..d51db8ab 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
@@ -72,11 +72,16 @@ typedef struct table_s {
 typedef struct Empty$$struct {
 } Empty$$type;
 
+#define EMPTY_STRUCT ((Empty$$type){})
+
 typedef struct {
     bool has_value;
     Empty$$type value;
 } $OptionalEmpty$$type;
 
+#define NONE_EMPTY_STRUCT (($OptionalEmpty$$type){.has_value = false})
+#define OPTIONAL_EMPTY_STRUCT (($OptionalEmpty$$type){.has_value = true})
+
 typedef struct {
     void *fn, *userdata;
 } Closure_t;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 8700224e98f95807d896d214380796e6f80678d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 13:58:37 -0500
Subject: use exit() instead of _exit()

---
 src/stdlib/stdlib.c | 2 +-
 src/stdlib/stdlib.h | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
index 45a4bd00..157dbfd4 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ void say(Text_t text, bool newline) {
 public
 _Noreturn void tomo_exit(Text_t text, int32_t status) {
     if (text.length > 0) print(text);
-    _exit(status);
+    exit(status);
 }
 
 public
diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.h b/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
index e52b5cd1..aadce27c 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void tomo_init(void);
         else fputs("\n", stderr);                                                                                      \
         fflush(stderr);                                                                                                \
         raise(SIGABRT);                                                                                                \
-        _exit(1);                                                                                                      \
+        exit(1);                                                                                                       \
     })
 
 #define fail_source(filename, start, end, ...)                                                                         \
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ void tomo_init(void);
         if (USE_COLOR) fputs("\x1b[m", stderr);                                                                        \
         fflush(stderr);                                                                                                \
         raise(SIGABRT);                                                                                                \
-        _exit(1);                                                                                                      \
+        exit(1);                                                                                                       \
     })
 
 _Noreturn void fail_text(Text_t message);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 2a24b0a3fc3c4986572ae2c4ea0e8e387497a7f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Nov 2025 14:19:04 -0500
Subject: Add `at_cleanup()` function

---
 src/stdlib/stdlib.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/stdlib/stdlib.h |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
index 157dbfd4..21547efe 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ void tomo_init(void) {
     sigemptyset(&sigact.sa_mask);
     sigact.sa_flags = 0;
     sigaction(SIGILL, &sigact, (struct sigaction *)NULL);
+    atexit(tomo_cleanup);
 }
 
 public
@@ -219,3 +220,25 @@ OptionalText_t getenv_text(Text_t name) {
 
 public
 void setenv_text(Text_t name, Text_t value) { setenv(Text$as_c_string(name), Text$as_c_string(value), 1); }
+
+typedef struct cleanup_s {
+    Closure_t cleanup_fn;
+    struct cleanup_s *next;
+} cleanup_t;
+
+static cleanup_t *cleanups = NULL;
+
+public
+void tomo_at_cleanup(Closure_t fn) { cleanups = new (cleanup_t, .cleanup_fn = fn, .next = cleanups); }
+
+public
+void tomo_cleanup(void) {
+    while (cleanups) {
+        // NOTE: we *must* remove the cleanup function from the stack before calling it,
+        // otherwise it will cause an infinite loop if the cleanup function fails or exits.
+        void (*run_cleanup)(void *) = cleanups->cleanup_fn.fn;
+        void *userdata = cleanups->cleanup_fn.userdata;
+        cleanups = cleanups->next;
+        run_cleanup(userdata);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.h b/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
index aadce27c..392b5f23 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
@@ -16,9 +16,12 @@ extern bool USE_COLOR;
 extern Text_t TOMO_VERSION_TEXT;
 
 void tomo_init(void);
+void tomo_at_cleanup(Closure_t fn);
+void tomo_cleanup(void);
 
 #define fail(...)                                                                                                      \
     ({                                                                                                                 \
+        tomo_cleanup();                                                                                                \
         fflush(stdout);                                                                                                \
         if (USE_COLOR) fputs("\x1b[31;7m ==================== ERROR ==================== \033[m\n\n", stderr);         \
         else fputs("==================== ERROR ====================\n\n", stderr);                                     \
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ void tomo_init(void);
 
 #define fail_source(filename, start, end, ...)                                                                         \
     ({                                                                                                                 \
+        tomo_cleanup();                                                                                                \
         fflush(stdout);                                                                                                \
         if (USE_COLOR) fputs("\x1b[31;7m ==================== ERROR ==================== \n\n\x1b[0;1m", stderr);      \
         else fputs("==================== ERROR ====================\n\n", stderr);                                     \
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bbf7a60dcd524c2d86ac7efe7bc97d4a627b6d15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2025 20:22:36 -0500
Subject: Fix `from_num` incomplete renaming

---
 src/stdlib/bigint.h | 4 ++--
 src/stdlib/intX.h   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/bigint.h b/src/stdlib/bigint.h
index 614e1501..a00bdf2f 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/bigint.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/bigint.h
@@ -189,13 +189,13 @@ MACROLIKE PUREFUNC bool Int$is_negative(Int_t x) {
 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
 #endif
-MACROLIKE PUREFUNC Int_t Int$from_num(double n, bool truncate) {
+MACROLIKE PUREFUNC Int_t Int$from_num64(double n, bool truncate) {
     mpz_t result;
     mpz_init_set_d(result, n);
     if (!truncate && unlikely(mpz_get_d(result) != n)) fail("Could not convert to an integer without truncation: ", n);
     return Int$from_mpz(result);
 }
-MACROLIKE PUREFUNC Int_t Int$from_num32(float n, bool truncate) { return Int$from_num((double)n, truncate); }
+MACROLIKE PUREFUNC Int_t Int$from_num32(float n, bool truncate) { return Int$from_num64((double)n, truncate); }
 MACROLIKE Int_t Int$from_int64(int64_t i) {
     if likely (i >= SMALLEST_SMALL_INT && i <= BIGGEST_SMALL_INT) return (Int_t){.small = (i << 2L) | 1L};
     mpz_t result;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/intX.h b/src/stdlib/intX.h
index 765543fd..0f4632c2 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/intX.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/intX.h
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ MACROLIKE PUREFUNC INTX_T NAMESPACED(unsigned_right_shifted)(INTX_T x, INTX_T y)
 void NAMESPACED(serialize)(const void *obj, FILE *out, Table_t *, const TypeInfo_t *);
 void NAMESPACED(deserialize)(FILE *in, void *outval, List_t *, const TypeInfo_t *);
 
-MACROLIKE PUREFUNC INTX_T NAMESPACED(from_num)(Num_t n, bool truncate) {
+MACROLIKE PUREFUNC INTX_T NAMESPACED(from_num64)(Num_t n, bool truncate) {
     INTX_T i = (INTX_T)n;
     if (!truncate && unlikely((Num_t)i != n)) fail("Could not convert Num to an " NAME_STR " without truncation: ", n);
     return i;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 437be558a893ac70c030794df99a866e8ed01879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 12:05:49 -0500
Subject: Add `recursive` arg to Path.create_directory()

---
 src/stdlib/paths.c | 12 ++++++++++--
 src/stdlib/paths.h |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.c b/src/stdlib/paths.c
index 22effad7..6c99cf0b 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.c
@@ -468,11 +468,19 @@ void Path$remove(Path_t path, bool ignore_missing) {
 }
 
 public
-void Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions) {
+void Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions, bool recursive) {
+retry:
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     const char *c_path = Path$as_c_string(path);
     int status = mkdir(c_path, (mode_t)permissions);
-    if (status != 0 && errno != EEXIST) fail("Could not create directory: ", c_path, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+    if (status != 0) {
+        if (recursive && errno == ENOENT) {
+            Path$create_directory(Path$parent(path), permissions, recursive);
+            goto retry;
+        } else if (errno != EEXIST) {
+            fail("Could not create directory: ", c_path, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 static List_t _filtered_children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden, mode_t filter) {
diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.h b/src/stdlib/paths.h
index 3b1f3ce6..677631b2 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ void Path$set_owner(Path_t path, OptionalText_t owner, OptionalText_t group, boo
 OptionalText_t Path$owner(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
 OptionalText_t Path$group(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
 void Path$remove(Path_t path, bool ignore_missing);
-void Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions);
+void Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions, bool recursive);
 List_t Path$children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden);
 List_t Path$files(Path_t path, bool include_hidden);
 List_t Path$subdirectories(Path_t path, bool include_hidden);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 8b897851facaa177e2346e0d97fcba7411dfc0aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 12:35:52 -0500
Subject: Update `setenv()` to take an optional value, also bugfix for
 `setenv()` returning a value.

---
 src/stdlib/stdlib.c | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
index 21547efe..8ec9e90b 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
@@ -219,7 +219,10 @@ OptionalText_t getenv_text(Text_t name) {
 }
 
 public
-void setenv_text(Text_t name, Text_t value) { setenv(Text$as_c_string(name), Text$as_c_string(value), 1); }
+void setenv_text(Text_t name, OptionalText_t value) {
+    if (value.tag == TEXT_NONE) unsetenv(Text$as_c_string(name));
+    else setenv(Text$as_c_string(name), Text$as_c_string(value), 1);
+}
 
 typedef struct cleanup_s {
     Closure_t cleanup_fn;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From d2e82367925c7e10504c1caec1605806bb364629 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Nov 2025 14:25:45 -0500
Subject: Bugfix for Num32$as_text() visibility

---
 src/stdlib/numX.c.h | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/numX.c.h b/src/stdlib/numX.c.h
index 7b030ab4..0e84708f 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/numX.c.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/numX.c.h
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ PUREFUNC int32_t NAMESPACED(compare)(const void *x, const void *y, const TypeInf
 #elif NUMX_C_H__BITS == 32
 public
 PUREFUNC Text_t NAMESPACED(value_as_text)(NUM_T x) { return Num$value_as_text((double)x); }
+public
 PUREFUNC Text_t NAMESPACED(as_text)(const void *x, bool colorize, const TypeInfo_t *info) {
     (void)info;
     if (!x) return Text(TYPE_STR);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From bb2f890fd470fff3e42698710b56c68164491d85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 29 Nov 2025 14:18:07 -0500
Subject: Overhaul to versioning system (paths go to
 `/tomo@TOMOVERSION/lib@LIBVERSION` instead of using underscores. Tomo
 versioning now uses date-based versions.

---
 src/stdlib/stacktrace.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/stacktrace.c b/src/stdlib/stacktrace.c
index b21d0cbc..ea939f62 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stacktrace.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stacktrace.c
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ void print_stacktrace(FILE *out, int offset) {
     cwd[cwd_len++] = '/';
     cwd[cwd_len] = '\0';
 
-    const char *install_dir = String(TOMO_PATH, "/lib/tomo_" TOMO_VERSION "/");
+    const char *install_dir = String(TOMO_PATH, "/lib/tomo@" TOMO_VERSION "/");
 
     static void *stack[1024];
     int64_t size = (int64_t)backtrace(stack, sizeof(stack) / sizeof(stack[0]));
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From d302aaec38b9d295d39c4d87b53ee610bc9e0e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 30 Nov 2025 13:08:57 -0500
Subject: Handle some text method edge cases with empty text better.

---
 src/stdlib/text.c | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.c b/src/stdlib/text.c
index e51af49c..b4b27fed 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.c
@@ -763,8 +763,10 @@ static Text_t Text$from_components(List_t graphemes, Table_t unique_clusters) {
 public
 OptionalText_t Text$from_strn(const char *str, size_t len) {
     int64_t ascii_span = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < len && isascii(str[i]); i++)
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len && isascii(str[i]); i++) {
         ascii_span++;
+        if (str[i] == 0) return NONE_TEXT;
+    }
 
     if (ascii_span == (int64_t)len) { // All ASCII
         char *copy = GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(len);
@@ -786,12 +788,15 @@ OptionalText_t Text$from_strn(const char *str, size_t len) {
         uint32_t buf[256];
         size_t u32_len = sizeof(buf) / sizeof(buf[0]);
         uint32_t *u32s = u8_to_u32(pos, (size_t)(next - pos), buf, &u32_len);
+        if (u32s == NULL) return NONE_TEXT;
 
         uint32_t buf2[256];
         size_t u32_normlen = sizeof(buf2) / sizeof(buf2[0]);
         uint32_t *u32s_normalized = u32_normalize(UNINORM_NFC, u32s, u32_len, buf2, &u32_normlen);
+        if (u32s_normalized == NULL) return NONE_TEXT;
 
         int32_t g = get_synthetic_grapheme(u32s_normalized, (int64_t)u32_normlen);
+        if (g == 0) return NONE_TEXT;
         List$insert(&graphemes, &g, I(0), sizeof(int32_t));
         Table$get_or_setdefault(&unique_clusters, int32_t, uint8_t, g, (uint8_t)unique_clusters.entries.length,
                                 Table$info(&Int32$info, &Byte$info));
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4d8aa867c7f4661167a4742fbdd865ed2449503e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 30 Nov 2025 14:12:01 -0500
Subject: Add `base` parameter to integer parsing functions

---
 src/stdlib/bigint.c | 119 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/stdlib/bigint.h |   2 +-
 src/stdlib/bytes.c  |   4 +-
 src/stdlib/bytes.h  |   2 +-
 src/stdlib/cli.c    |  10 ++---
 src/stdlib/intX.c.h |   4 +-
 src/stdlib/intX.h   |   2 +-
 7 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/bigint.c b/src/stdlib/bigint.c
index 46957c2d..2d145bd5 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/bigint.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/bigint.c
@@ -393,55 +393,98 @@ PUREFUNC Closure_t Int$onward(Int_t first, Int_t step) {
 }
 
 public
-Int_t Int$from_str(const char *str) {
-    mpz_t i;
-    int result;
-    if (strncmp(str, "0x", 2) == 0) {
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str + 2, 16);
-    } else if (strncmp(str, "0o", 2) == 0) {
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str + 2, 8);
-    } else if (strncmp(str, "0b", 2) == 0) {
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str + 2, 2);
-    } else {
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, str, 10);
-    }
-    if (result != 0) return NONE_INT;
-    return Int$from_mpz(i);
-}
+Int_t Int$from_str(const char *str) { return Int$parse(Text$from_str(str), NONE_INT, NULL); }
 
 public
-OptionalInt_t Int$parse(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder) {
+OptionalInt_t Int$parse(Text_t text, OptionalInt_t base, Text_t *remainder) {
     const char *str = Text$as_c_string(text);
-    mpz_t i;
-    int result;
-    if (strncmp(str, "0x", 2) == 0) {
-        str += 2;
-        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF");
-        if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
-        else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 16);
+    bool negative = (*str == '-');
+    if (negative || *str == '+') str += 1;
+    const char *end = str;
+    int32_t base32;
+    if (base.small != 0) {
+        base32 = Int32$from_int(base, false);
+        switch (base32) {
+        case 16:
+            if (strncmp(str, "0x", 2) == 0) {
+            base16_prefix:
+                str += 2;
+            }
+            end = str + strspn(str, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF");
+            break;
+        case 10:
+        base10:
+            end = str + strspn(str, "0123456789");
+            break;
+        case 8:
+            if (strncmp(str, "0o", 2) == 0) {
+            base8_prefix:
+                str += 2;
+            }
+            end = str + strspn(str, "01234567");
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            if (strncmp(str, "0b", 2) == 0) {
+            base2_prefix:
+                str += 2;
+            }
+            end = str + strspn(str, "01");
+            break;
+        case 1: {
+            str += strspn(str, "0");
+            size_t n = strspn(str, "1");
+            end = str + n;
+            if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
+            else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
+            return Int$from_int64((int64_t)n);
+        }
+        default: {
+            if (base32 < 1 || base32 > 36) {
+                if (remainder) *remainder = text;
+                return NONE_INT;
+            }
+            for (; *end; end++) {
+                char c = *end;
+                int32_t digit;
+                if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+                    digit = (c - (int)'0');
+                } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') {
+                    digit = (c - (int)'a');
+                } else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') {
+                    digit = (c - (int)'A');
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (digit >= base32) break;
+            }
+        }
+        }
+    } else if (strncmp(str, "0x", 2) == 0) {
+        base32 = 16;
+        goto base16_prefix;
     } else if (strncmp(str, "0o", 2) == 0) {
-        str += 2;
-        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "01234567");
-        if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
-        else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 8);
+        base32 = 8;
+        goto base8_prefix;
     } else if (strncmp(str, "0b", 2) == 0) {
-        str += 2;
-        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "01");
-        if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
-        else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 2);
+        base32 = 2;
+        goto base2_prefix;
     } else {
-        const char *end = str + strspn(str, "0123456789");
-        if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
-        else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
-        result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), 10);
+        base32 = 10;
+        goto base10;
     }
+
+    if (remainder) *remainder = Text$from_str(end);
+    else if (*end != '\0') return NONE_INT;
+
+    mpz_t i;
+    int result = mpz_init_set_str(i, String(string_slice(str, (size_t)(end - str))), base32);
     if (result != 0) {
         if (remainder) *remainder = text;
         return NONE_INT;
     }
+    if (negative) {
+        mpz_neg(i, i);
+    }
     return Int$from_mpz(i);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/stdlib/bigint.h b/src/stdlib/bigint.h
index a00bdf2f..9ce4c800 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/bigint.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/bigint.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Text_t Int$octal(Int_t i, Int_t digits, bool prefix);
 PUREFUNC Closure_t Int$to(Int_t first, Int_t last, OptionalInt_t step);
 PUREFUNC Closure_t Int$onward(Int_t first, Int_t step);
 OptionalInt_t Int$from_str(const char *str);
-OptionalInt_t Int$parse(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder);
+OptionalInt_t Int$parse(Text_t text, OptionalInt_t base, Text_t *remainder);
 Int_t Int$abs(Int_t x);
 Int_t Int$power(Int_t base, Int_t exponent);
 Int_t Int$gcd(Int_t x, Int_t y);
diff --git a/src/stdlib/bytes.c b/src/stdlib/bytes.c
index ab689ae4..4416d804 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/bytes.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/bytes.c
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ public
 CONSTFUNC bool Byte$is_between(const Byte_t x, const Byte_t low, const Byte_t high) { return low <= x && x <= high; }
 
 public
-OptionalByte_t Byte$parse(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder) {
-    OptionalInt_t full_int = Int$parse(text, remainder);
+OptionalByte_t Byte$parse(Text_t text, OptionalInt_t base, Text_t *remainder) {
+    OptionalInt_t full_int = Int$parse(text, base, remainder);
     if (full_int.small != 0L && Int$compare_value(full_int, I(0)) >= 0 && Int$compare_value(full_int, I(255)) <= 0) {
         return (OptionalByte_t){.has_value = true, .value = Byte$from_int(full_int, true)};
     } else {
diff --git a/src/stdlib/bytes.h b/src/stdlib/bytes.h
index 2f948177..6581f300 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/bytes.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/bytes.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Byte_t Byte$from_int(Int_t i, bool truncate);
 Byte_t Byte$from_int64(int64_t i, bool truncate);
 Byte_t Byte$from_int32(int32_t i, bool truncate);
 Byte_t Byte$from_int16(int16_t i, bool truncate);
-OptionalByte_t Byte$parse(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder);
+OptionalByte_t Byte$parse(Text_t text, OptionalInt_t base, Text_t *remainder);
 Closure_t Byte$to(Byte_t first, Byte_t last, OptionalInt8_t step);
 
 MACROLIKE Byte_t Byte$from_int8(int8_t i) { return (Byte_t)i; }
diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 04538796..18da5c5e 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -238,23 +238,23 @@ static List_t parse_arg_list(List_t args, const char *flag, void *dest, const Ty
         if (parsed.small == 0) print_err("Could not parse argument for ", flag, ": ", arg);
         *(Int_t *)dest = parsed;
     } else if (type == &Int64$info) {
-        OptionalInt64_t parsed = Int64$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NULL);
+        OptionalInt64_t parsed = Int64$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NONE_INT, NULL);
         if (!parsed.has_value) print_err("Could not parse argument for ", flag, ": ", arg);
         *(Int64_t *)dest = parsed.value;
     } else if (type == &Int32$info) {
-        OptionalInt32_t parsed = Int32$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NULL);
+        OptionalInt32_t parsed = Int32$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NONE_INT, NULL);
         if (!parsed.has_value) print_err("Could not parse argument for ", flag, ": ", arg);
         *(Int32_t *)dest = parsed.value;
     } else if (type == &Int16$info) {
-        OptionalInt16_t parsed = Int16$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NULL);
+        OptionalInt16_t parsed = Int16$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NONE_INT, NULL);
         if (!parsed.has_value) print_err("Could not parse argument for ", flag, ": ", arg);
         *(Int16_t *)dest = parsed.value;
     } else if (type == &Int8$info) {
-        OptionalInt8_t parsed = Int8$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NULL);
+        OptionalInt8_t parsed = Int8$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NONE_INT, NULL);
         if (!parsed.has_value) print_err("Could not parse argument for ", flag, ": ", arg);
         *(Int8_t *)dest = parsed.value;
     } else if (type == &Byte$info) {
-        OptionalByte_t parsed = Byte$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NULL);
+        OptionalByte_t parsed = Byte$parse(Text$from_str(arg), NONE_INT, NULL);
         if (!parsed.has_value) print_err("Could not parse argument for ", flag, ": ", arg);
         *(Byte_t *)dest = parsed.value;
     } else if (type == &Bool$info) {
diff --git a/src/stdlib/intX.c.h b/src/stdlib/intX.c.h
index 0e665591..0910c7f1 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/intX.c.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/intX.c.h
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ Closure_t NAMESPACED(onward)(INT_T first, INT_T step) {
     return (Closure_t){.fn = _next_int, .userdata = range};
 }
 public
-PUREFUNC OPT_T NAMESPACED(parse)(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder) {
-    OptionalInt_t full_int = Int$parse(text, remainder);
+PUREFUNC OPT_T NAMESPACED(parse)(Text_t text, OptionalInt_t base, Text_t *remainder) {
+    OptionalInt_t full_int = Int$parse(text, base, remainder);
     if (full_int.small == 0L) return (OPT_T){.has_value = false};
     if (Int$compare_value(full_int, I(NAMESPACED(min))) < 0) {
         return (OPT_T){.has_value = false};
diff --git a/src/stdlib/intX.h b/src/stdlib/intX.h
index 0f4632c2..1c8b4a05 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/intX.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/intX.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ List_t NAMESPACED(bits)(INTX_T x);
 bool NAMESPACED(get_bit)(INTX_T x, Int_t bit_index);
 Closure_t NAMESPACED(to)(INTX_T first, INTX_T last, OPT_T step);
 Closure_t NAMESPACED(onward)(INTX_T first, INTX_T step);
-PUREFUNC OPT_T NAMESPACED(parse)(Text_t text, Text_t *remainder);
+PUREFUNC OPT_T NAMESPACED(parse)(Text_t text, OptionalInt_t base, Text_t *remainder);
 CONSTFUNC bool NAMESPACED(is_between)(const INTX_T x, const INTX_T low, const INTX_T high);
 CONSTFUNC INTX_T NAMESPACED(clamped)(INTX_T x, INTX_T min, INTX_T max);
 MACROLIKE CONSTFUNC INTX_T NAMESPACED(from_byte)(Byte_t b) { return (INTX_T)b; }
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From ce26a80bdb61bb8928c49f42bca84c6da4df72c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Dec 2025 23:43:43 -0500
Subject: Fix CLI arg parsing

---
 src/stdlib/cli.c | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/cli.c b/src/stdlib/cli.c
index 18da5c5e..e30f7ced 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/cli.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/cli.c
@@ -325,7 +325,8 @@ bool pop_cli_flag(List_t *args, char short_flag, const char *flag, void *dest, c
                 // Case: --flag values...
                 if (i + 1 >= (int64_t)args->length) print_err("No value provided for flag: ", flag);
                 List_t values = List$slice(*args, I(i + 2), I(-1));
-                *args = parse_arg_list(values, flag, dest, type, false);
+                List_t remaining_args = parse_arg_list(values, flag, dest, type, false);
+                *args = List$concat(List$to(*args, I(i)), remaining_args, sizeof(const char *));
                 return true;
             } else if (starts_with(arg + 2, flag) && arg[2 + strlen(flag)] == '=') {
                 // Case: --flag=...
@@ -341,7 +342,8 @@ bool pop_cli_flag(List_t *args, char short_flag, const char *flag, void *dest, c
                 } else {
                     values = List(arg_value);
                 }
-                *args = parse_arg_list(values, flag, dest, type, false);
+                List_t remaining_args = parse_arg_list(values, flag, dest, type, false);
+                *args = List$concat(List$to(*args, I(i)), remaining_args, sizeof(const char *));
                 return true;
             }
         } else if (short_flag && arg[0] == '-' && arg[1] != '-' && strchr(arg + 1, short_flag)) {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 129f2c794cd388b99d573697965117e12b89f2fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2025 13:40:20 -0500
Subject: Fix for memory pointer visualization

---
 src/stdlib/memory.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/memory.c b/src/stdlib/memory.c
index 2ae47c36..fd396463 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/memory.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/memory.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public
 Text_t Memory$as_text(const void *p, bool colorize, const TypeInfo_t *info) {
     (void)info;
     if (!p) return Text("Memory");
-    Text_t text = Text$from_str(String("Memory<", *(void **)p, ">"));
+    Text_t text = Text$from_str(String("Memory<", (void *)p, ">"));
     return colorize ? Texts(Text("\x1b[0;34;1m"), text, Text("\x1b[m")) : text;
 }
 
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 09942b27ae6fd7e7d394b2d251ef77c8a6f69e07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 19:02:13 -0500
Subject: Rename `Empty()` -> `Present()` for set-like tables

---
 src/stdlib/datatypes.h | 14 +++++++-------
 src/stdlib/structs.c   | 11 -----------
 src/stdlib/structs.h   |  2 --
 src/stdlib/tables.c    | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/stdlib/tables.h    |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
index d51db8ab..fbd2ce73 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
@@ -69,18 +69,18 @@ typedef struct table_s {
     struct table_s *fallback;
 } Table_t;
 
-typedef struct Empty$$struct {
-} Empty$$type;
+typedef struct Present$$struct {
+} Present$$type;
 
-#define EMPTY_STRUCT ((Empty$$type){})
+#define PRESENT_STRUCT ((Present$$type){})
 
 typedef struct {
     bool has_value;
-    Empty$$type value;
-} $OptionalEmpty$$type;
+    Present$$type value;
+} $OptionalPresent$$type;
 
-#define NONE_EMPTY_STRUCT (($OptionalEmpty$$type){.has_value = false})
-#define OPTIONAL_EMPTY_STRUCT (($OptionalEmpty$$type){.has_value = true})
+#define NONE_PRESENT_STRUCT (($OptionalPresent$$type){.has_value = false})
+#define OPTIONAL_PRESENT_STRUCT (($OptionalPresent$$type){.has_value = true})
 
 typedef struct {
     void *fn, *userdata;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/structs.c b/src/stdlib/structs.c
index 89b5581b..da8f1461 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/structs.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/structs.c
@@ -215,14 +215,3 @@ void Struct$deserialize(FILE *in, void *outval, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo
         }
     }
 }
-
-public
-const TypeInfo_t Empty$$info = {.size = 0,
-                                .align = 0,
-                                .tag = StructInfo,
-                                .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
-                                .StructInfo.name = "Empty",
-                                .StructInfo.num_fields = 0};
-
-public
-const Empty$$type EMPTY = {};
diff --git a/src/stdlib/structs.h b/src/stdlib/structs.h
index 83904377..a582e9fb 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/structs.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/structs.h
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ PUREFUNC bool PackedData$equal(const void *x, const void *y, const TypeInfo_t *t
 PUREFUNC Text_t Struct$as_text(const void *obj, bool colorize, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void Struct$serialize(const void *obj, FILE *out, Table_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void Struct$deserialize(FILE *in, void *outval, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type);
-extern const TypeInfo_t Empty$$info;
-extern const Empty$$type EMPTY;
 
 #define Struct$metamethods                                                                                             \
     {                                                                                                                  \
diff --git a/src/stdlib/tables.c b/src/stdlib/tables.c
index 6e774c53..a801957f 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/tables.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/tables.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "metamethods.h"
 #include "pointers.h"
 #include "siphash.h"
+#include "structs.h"
 #include "tables.h"
 #include "text.h"
 #include "types.h"
@@ -757,3 +758,14 @@ void Table$deserialize(FILE *in, void *outval, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_
 
     *(Table_t *)outval = t;
 }
+
+public
+const TypeInfo_t Present$$info = {.size = 0,
+                                  .align = 0,
+                                  .tag = StructInfo,
+                                  .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
+                                  .StructInfo.name = "Present",
+                                  .StructInfo.num_fields = 0};
+
+public
+const Present$$type PRESENT = {};
diff --git a/src/stdlib/tables.h b/src/stdlib/tables.h
index cc2b3b91..cf1c3625 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/tables.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/tables.h
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ void Table$deserialize(FILE *in, void *outval, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_
 
 #define Table$length(t) ((t).entries.length)
 
+extern const TypeInfo_t Present$$info;
+extern const Present$$type PRESENT;
 extern const TypeInfo_t CStrToVoidStarTable;
 
 #define Table$metamethods                                                                                              \
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 544b1fb6a70d55bf368b827136cf0f37a26e8288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 21:42:45 -0500
Subject: Change Paths to be an enum of their different types.

---
 src/stdlib/datatypes.h |  42 +++++++--
 src/stdlib/optionals.h |   2 +-
 src/stdlib/paths.c     | 226 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/stdlib/paths.h     |   7 +-
 4 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
index fbd2ce73..49c4d835 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ typedef struct Present$$struct {
 #define PRESENT_STRUCT ((Present$$type){})
 
 typedef struct {
-    bool has_value;
     Present$$type value;
+    bool has_value;
 } $OptionalPresent$$type;
 
 #define NONE_PRESENT_STRUCT (($OptionalPresent$$type){.has_value = false})
@@ -111,14 +111,46 @@ typedef struct Text_s {
     };
 } Text_t;
 
-typedef enum PathEnum { PATHTYPE_NONE, PATHTYPE_RELATIVE, PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE, PATHTYPE_HOME } PathType_t;
-#define OptionalPathType_t PathType_t
+typedef struct Path$AbsolutePath$$struct {
+    List_t components;
+} Path$AbsolutePath$$type;
 
 typedef struct {
-    PathType_t type;
+    Path$AbsolutePath$$type value;
+    bool has_value;
+} $OptionalPath$AbsolutePath$$type;
+
+typedef struct Path$RelativePath$$struct {
+    List_t components;
+} Path$RelativePath$$type;
+
+typedef struct {
+    Path$RelativePath$$type value;
+    bool has_value;
+} $OptionalPath$RelativePath$$type;
+
+typedef struct Path$HomePath$$struct {
     List_t components;
+} Path$HomePath$$type;
+
+typedef struct {
+    Path$HomePath$$type value;
+    bool has_value;
+} $OptionalPath$HomePath$$type;
+
+#define Path$tagged$AbsolutePath(comps) ((Path_t){.$tag = Path$tag$AbsolutePath, .AbsolutePath.components = comps})
+#define Path$tagged$RelativePath(comps) ((Path_t){.$tag = Path$tag$RelativePath, .RelativePath.components = comps})
+#define Path$tagged$HomePath(comps) ((Path_t){.$tag = Path$tag$HomePath, .HomePath.components = comps})
+
+typedef struct {
+    enum { Path$tag$none, Path$tag$AbsolutePath, Path$tag$RelativePath, Path$tag$HomePath } $tag;
+    union {
+        Path$RelativePath$$type RelativePath;
+        Path$AbsolutePath$$type AbsolutePath;
+        Path$HomePath$$type HomePath;
+        List_t components;
+    };
 } Path_t;
-#define OptionalPath_t Path_t
 
 #define OptionalBool_t uint8_t
 #define OptionalList_t List_t
diff --git a/src/stdlib/optionals.h b/src/stdlib/optionals.h
index d067ec94..985d6611 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/optionals.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/optionals.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #define NONE_TABLE ((OptionalTable_t){.entries.data = NULL})
 #define NONE_CLOSURE ((OptionalClosure_t){.fn = NULL})
 #define NONE_TEXT ((OptionalText_t){.tag = TEXT_NONE})
-#define NONE_PATH ((Path_t){.type = PATHTYPE_NONE})
+#define NONE_PATH ((Path_t){.$tag = Path$tag$none})
 
 PUREFUNC bool is_none(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *non_optional_type);
 PUREFUNC uint64_t Optional$hash(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *type);
diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.c b/src/stdlib/paths.c
index 6c99cf0b..9fb37ee3 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.c
@@ -29,11 +29,8 @@
 #include "types.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-// Use inline version of the siphash code for performance:
-#include "siphash-internals.h"
-
-static const Path_t HOME_PATH = {.type = PATHTYPE_HOME}, ROOT_PATH = {.type = PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE},
-                    CURDIR_PATH = {.type = PATHTYPE_RELATIVE};
+static const Path_t HOME_PATH = Path$tagged$HomePath(EMPTY_LIST), ROOT_PATH = Path$tagged$AbsolutePath(EMPTY_LIST),
+                    CURDIR_PATH = Path$tagged$RelativePath(EMPTY_LIST);
 
 static void clean_components(List_t *components) {
     for (int64_t i = 0; i < (int64_t)components->length;) {
@@ -62,40 +59,41 @@ Path_t Path$from_str(const char *str) {
 
     if (strchr(str, ';') != NULL) fail("Path has illegal character (semicolon): ", str);
 
-    Path_t result = {.components = {}};
+    Path_t result = {};
     if (str[0] == '/') {
-        result.type = PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE;
+        result.$tag = Path$tag$AbsolutePath;
         str += 1;
     } else if (str[0] == '~' && str[1] == '/') {
-        result.type = PATHTYPE_HOME;
+        result.$tag = Path$tag$HomePath;
         str += 2;
     } else if (str[0] == '.' && str[1] == '/') {
-        result.type = PATHTYPE_RELATIVE;
+        result.$tag = Path$tag$RelativePath;
         str += 2;
     } else {
-        result.type = PATHTYPE_RELATIVE;
+        result.$tag = Path$tag$RelativePath;
     }
 
+    List_t components = EMPTY_LIST;
     while (str && *str) {
         size_t component_len = strcspn(str, "/");
         if (component_len > 0) {
             if (component_len == 1 && str[0] == '.') {
                 // ignore /./
-            } else if (component_len == 2 && strncmp(str, "..", 2) == 0 && result.components.length > 1
+            } else if (component_len == 2 && strncmp(str, "..", 2) == 0 && components.length > 1
                        && !Text$equal_values(
                            Text(".."),
-                           *(Text_t *)(result.components.data
-                                       + result.components.stride * ((int64_t)result.components.length - 1)))) {
+                           *(Text_t *)(components.data + components.stride * ((int64_t)components.length - 1)))) {
                 // Pop off /foo/baz/.. -> /foo
-                List$remove_at(&result.components, I((int64_t)result.components.length), I(1), sizeof(Text_t));
+                List$remove_at(&components, I((int64_t)components.length), I(1), sizeof(Text_t));
             } else {
                 Text_t component = Text$from_strn(str, component_len);
-                List$insert_value(&result.components, component, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
+                List$insert_value(&components, component, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
             }
             str += component_len;
         }
         str += strspn(str, "/");
     }
+    result.components = components;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -104,12 +102,12 @@ Path_t Path$from_text(Text_t text) { return Path$from_str(Text$as_c_string(text)
 
 public
 Path_t Path$expand_home(Path_t path) {
-    if (path.type == PATHTYPE_HOME) {
+    if (path.$tag == Path$tag$HomePath) {
         Path_t pwd = Path$from_str(getenv("HOME"));
-        List_t components = List$concat(pwd.components, path.components, sizeof(Text_t));
-        assert(components.length == path.components.length + pwd.components.length);
+        List_t components = List$concat(pwd.AbsolutePath.components, path.HomePath.components, sizeof(Text_t));
+        assert(components.length == path.HomePath.components.length + pwd.AbsolutePath.components.length);
         clean_components(&components);
-        path = (Path_t){.type = PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE, .components = components};
+        path = Path$tagged$AbsolutePath(components);
     }
     return path;
 }
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@ Path_t Path$_concat(int n, Path_t items[n]) {
     Path_t result = items[0];
     LIST_INCREF(result.components);
     for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
-        if (items[i].type != PATHTYPE_RELATIVE)
+        if (items[i].$tag != Path$tag$RelativePath)
             fail("Cannot concatenate an absolute or home-based path onto another path: (", items[i], ")");
         List$insert_all(&result.components, items[i].components, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
     }
@@ -130,10 +128,12 @@ Path_t Path$_concat(int n, Path_t items[n]) {
 
 public
 Path_t Path$resolved(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
-    if (path.type == PATHTYPE_RELATIVE
-        && !(relative_to.type == PATHTYPE_RELATIVE && relative_to.components.length == 0)) {
-        Path_t result = {.type = relative_to.type};
-        result.components = relative_to.components;
+    if (path.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath
+        && !(relative_to.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath && relative_to.components.length == 0)) {
+        Path_t result = {
+            .$tag = relative_to.$tag,
+            .components = relative_to.components,
+        };
         LIST_INCREF(result.components);
         List$insert_all(&result.components, path.components, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
         clean_components(&result.components);
@@ -144,11 +144,11 @@ Path_t Path$resolved(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
 
 public
 Path_t Path$relative_to(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
-    if (path.type != relative_to.type)
+    if (path.$tag != relative_to.$tag)
         fail("Cannot create a path relative to a different path with a mismatching type: (", path, ") relative to (",
              relative_to, ")");
 
-    Path_t result = {.type = PATHTYPE_RELATIVE};
+    Path_t result = Path$tagged$RelativePath(EMPTY_LIST);
     int64_t shared = 0;
     for (; shared < (int64_t)path.components.length && shared < (int64_t)relative_to.components.length; shared++) {
         Text_t *p = (Text_t *)(path.components.data + shared * path.components.stride);
@@ -568,15 +568,15 @@ Path_t Path$write_unique(Path_t path, Text_t text) { return Path$write_unique_by
 
 public
 Path_t Path$parent(Path_t path) {
-    if (path.type == PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE && path.components.length == 0) {
+    if (path.$tag == Path$tag$AbsolutePath && path.components.length == 0) {
         return path;
     } else if (path.components.length > 0
                && !Text$equal_values(
                    *(Text_t *)(path.components.data + path.components.stride * ((int64_t)path.components.length - 1)),
                    Text(".."))) {
-        return (Path_t){.type = path.type, .components = List$slice(path.components, I(1), I(-2))};
+        return (Path_t){.$tag = path.$tag, .components = List$slice(path.components, I(1), I(-2))};
     } else {
-        Path_t result = {.type = path.type, .components = path.components};
+        Path_t result = {.$tag = path.$tag, .components = path.components};
         LIST_INCREF(result.components);
         List$insert_value(&result.components, Text(".."), I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
         return result;
@@ -587,8 +587,8 @@ public
 PUREFUNC Text_t Path$base_name(Path_t path) {
     if (path.components.length >= 1)
         return *(Text_t *)(path.components.data + path.components.stride * ((int64_t)path.components.length - 1));
-    else if (path.type == PATHTYPE_HOME) return Text("~");
-    else if (path.type == PATHTYPE_RELATIVE) return Text(".");
+    else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$HomePath) return Text("~");
+    else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath) return Text(".");
     else return EMPTY_TEXT;
 }
 
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ public
 Path_t Path$child(Path_t path, Text_t name) {
     if (Text$has(name, Text("/")) || Text$has(name, Text(";"))) fail("Path name has invalid characters: ", name);
     Path_t result = {
-        .type = path.type,
+        .$tag = path.$tag,
         .components = path.components,
     };
     LIST_INCREF(result.components);
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ Path_t Path$with_extension(Path_t path, Text_t extension, bool replace) {
         fail("Path extension has invalid characters: ", extension);
 
     Path_t result = {
-        .type = path.type,
+        .$tag = path.$tag,
         .components = path.components,
     };
     LIST_INCREF(result.components);
@@ -759,56 +759,20 @@ Path_t Path$current_dir(void) {
     return Path$from_str(cwd);
 }
 
-public
-PUREFUNC uint64_t Path$hash(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    (void)type;
-    Path_t *path = (Path_t *)obj;
-    siphash sh;
-    siphashinit(&sh, (uint64_t)path->type);
-    for (int64_t i = 0; i < (int64_t)path->components.length; i++) {
-        uint64_t item_hash = Text$hash(path->components.data + i * path->components.stride, &Text$info);
-        siphashadd64bits(&sh, item_hash);
-    }
-    return siphashfinish_last_part(&sh, (uint64_t)path->components.length);
-}
-
-public
-PUREFUNC int32_t Path$compare(const void *va, const void *vb, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    (void)type;
-    Path_t *a = (Path_t *)va, *b = (Path_t *)vb;
-    int diff = ((int)a->type - (int)b->type);
-    if (diff != 0) return diff;
-    return List$compare(&a->components, &b->components, List$info(&Text$info));
-}
-
-public
-PUREFUNC bool Path$equal(const void *va, const void *vb, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    (void)type;
-    Path_t *a = (Path_t *)va, *b = (Path_t *)vb;
-    if (a->type != b->type) return false;
-    return List$equal(&a->components, &b->components, List$info(&Text$info));
-}
-
-public
-PUREFUNC bool Path$equal_values(Path_t a, Path_t b) {
-    if (a.type != b.type) return false;
-    return List$equal(&a.components, &b.components, List$info(&Text$info));
-}
-
 public
 int Path$print(FILE *f, Path_t path) {
     if (path.components.length == 0) {
-        if (path.type == PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE) return fputs("/", f);
-        else if (path.type == PATHTYPE_RELATIVE) return fputs(".", f);
-        else if (path.type == PATHTYPE_HOME) return fputs("~", f);
+        if (path.$tag == Path$tag$AbsolutePath) return fputs("/", f);
+        else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath) return fputs(".", f);
+        else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$HomePath) return fputs("~", f);
     }
 
     int n = 0;
-    if (path.type == PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE) {
+    if (path.$tag == Path$tag$AbsolutePath) {
         n += fputc('/', f);
-    } else if (path.type == PATHTYPE_HOME) {
+    } else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$HomePath) {
         n += fputs("~/", f);
-    } else if (path.type == PATHTYPE_RELATIVE) {
+    } else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath) {
         if (!Text$equal_values(*(Text_t *)path.components.data, Text(".."))) n += fputs("./", f);
     }
 
@@ -829,9 +793,9 @@ Text_t Path$as_text(const void *obj, bool color, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
     if (!obj) return Text("Path");
     Path_t *path = (Path_t *)obj;
     Text_t text = Text$join(Text("/"), path->components);
-    if (path->type == PATHTYPE_HOME) text = Text$concat(path->components.length > 0 ? Text("~/") : Text("~"), text);
-    else if (path->type == PATHTYPE_ABSOLUTE) text = Text$concat(Text("/"), text);
-    else if (path->type == PATHTYPE_RELATIVE
+    if (path->$tag == Path$tag$HomePath) text = Text$concat(path->components.length > 0 ? Text("~/") : Text("~"), text);
+    else if (path->$tag == Path$tag$AbsolutePath) text = Text$concat(Text("/"), text);
+    else if (path->$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath
              && (path->components.length == 0 || !Text$equal_values(*(Text_t *)(path->components.data), Text(".."))))
         text = Text$concat(path->components.length > 0 ? Text("./") : Text("."), text);
 
@@ -841,52 +805,80 @@ Text_t Path$as_text(const void *obj, bool color, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
 }
 
 public
-CONSTFUNC bool Path$is_none(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    (void)type;
-    return ((Path_t *)obj)->type == PATHTYPE_NONE;
-}
+const TypeInfo_t Path$AbsolutePath$$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Path$AbsolutePath$$type),
+    .align = __alignof__(Path$AbsolutePath$$type),
+    .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
+    .tag = StructInfo,
+    .StructInfo =
+        {
+            .name = "AbsolutePath",
+            .num_fields = 1,
+            .fields = (NamedType_t[1]){{
+                .name = "components",
+                .type = List$info(&Text$info),
+            }},
+        },
+};
 
 public
-void Path$serialize(const void *obj, FILE *out, Table_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    (void)type;
-    Path_t *path = (Path_t *)obj;
-    fputc((int)path->type, out);
-    List$serialize(&path->components, out, pointers, List$info(&Text$info));
-}
+const TypeInfo_t Path$RelativePath$$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Path$RelativePath$$type),
+    .align = __alignof__(Path$RelativePath$$type),
+    .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
+    .tag = StructInfo,
+    .StructInfo =
+        {
+            .name = "RelativePath",
+            .num_fields = 1,
+            .fields = (NamedType_t[1]){{
+                .name = "components",
+                .type = List$info(&Text$info),
+            }},
+        },
+};
 
 public
-void Path$deserialize(FILE *in, void *obj, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    (void)type;
-    Path_t path = {};
-    path.type = fgetc(in);
-    List$deserialize(in, &path.components, pointers, List$info(&Text$info));
-    *(Path_t *)obj = path;
-}
-
-public
-const TypeInfo_t Path$info = {.size = sizeof(Path_t),
-                              .align = __alignof__(Path_t),
-                              .tag = OpaqueInfo,
-                              .metamethods = {
-                                  .as_text = Path$as_text,
-                                  .hash = Path$hash,
-                                  .compare = Path$compare,
-                                  .equal = Path$equal,
-                                  .is_none = Path$is_none,
-                                  .serialize = Path$serialize,
-                                  .deserialize = Path$deserialize,
-                              }};
-
-public
-const TypeInfo_t PathType$info = {
-    .size = sizeof(PathType_t),
-    .align = __alignof__(PathType_t),
-    .metamethods = PackedDataEnum$metamethods,
+const TypeInfo_t Path$HomePath$$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Path$HomePath$$type),
+    .align = __alignof__(Path$HomePath$$type),
+    .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
+    .tag = StructInfo,
+    .StructInfo =
+        {
+            .name = "HomePath",
+            .num_fields = 1,
+            .fields = (NamedType_t[1]){{
+                .name = "components",
+                .type = List$info(&Text$info),
+            }},
+        },
+};
+
+public
+const TypeInfo_t Path$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Path_t),
+    .align = __alignof__(Path_t),
     .tag = EnumInfo,
     .EnumInfo =
         {
-            .name = "PathType",
+            .name = "Path",
             .num_tags = 3,
-            .tags = ((NamedType_t[3]){{.name = "Relative"}, {.name = "Absolute"}, {.name = "Home"}}),
+            .tags =
+                (NamedType_t[3]){
+                    {.name = "AbsolutePath", &Path$AbsolutePath$$info},
+                    {.name = "RelativePath", &Path$RelativePath$$info},
+                    {.name = "HomePath", &Path$HomePath$$info},
+                },
+        },
+    .metamethods =
+        {
+            .as_text = Path$as_text,
+            .compare = Enum$compare,
+            .equal = Enum$equal,
+            .hash = Enum$hash,
+            .is_none = Enum$is_none,
+            .serialize = Enum$serialize,
+            .deserialize = Enum$deserialize,
         },
 };
diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.h b/src/stdlib/paths.h
index 677631b2..7a175099 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.h
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 Path_t Path$from_str(const char *str);
 Path_t Path$from_text(Text_t text);
 // int Path$print(FILE *f, Path_t path);
+// UNSAFE: this works because each type of path has a .components in the same place
+#define Path$components(path) ((path).components)
+// END UNSAFE
 const char *Path$as_c_string(Path_t path);
 #define Path(str) Path$from_str(str)
 Path_t Path$_concat(int n, Path_t items[n]);
@@ -69,5 +72,7 @@ bool Path$is_none(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void Path$serialize(const void *obj, FILE *out, Table_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void Path$deserialize(FILE *in, void *obj, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 
+extern const TypeInfo_t Path$AbsolutePath$$info;
+extern const TypeInfo_t Path$RelativePath$$info;
+extern const TypeInfo_t Path$HomePath$$info;
 extern const TypeInfo_t Path$info;
-extern const TypeInfo_t PathType$info;
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 19c8450aa0a9ea008a3e5fd4ec44f7c3761db663 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 22:53:45 -0500
Subject: Switch paths to use Result return values instead of fail()

---
 src/stdlib/datatypes.h |  35 ++++++++++++++++
 src/stdlib/optionals.h |   2 +-
 src/stdlib/paths.c     | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 src/stdlib/paths.h     |  22 +++++-----
 src/stdlib/result.c    |  65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/stdlib/result.h    |   9 ++++
 src/stdlib/tomo.h      |   1 +
 7 files changed, 182 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/stdlib/result.c
 create mode 100644 src/stdlib/result.h

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
index 49c4d835..3cd99f38 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/datatypes.h
@@ -152,6 +152,41 @@ typedef struct {
     };
 } Path_t;
 
+#define $OptionalPath$$type Path_t
+#define OptionalPath_t Path_t
+
+typedef struct Result$Success$$struct {
+} Result$Success$$type;
+
+typedef struct {
+    Result$Success$$type value;
+    bool has_value;
+} $OptionalResult$Success$$type;
+
+typedef struct Result$Failure$$struct {
+    Text_t reason;
+} Result$Failure$$type;
+
+typedef struct {
+    Result$Failure$$type value;
+    bool has_value;
+} $OptionalResult$Failure$$type;
+
+#define Result$Success ((Result$$type){.$tag = Result$tag$Success})
+#define SuccessResult Result$Success
+#define Result$tagged$Failure(msg) ((Result$$type){.$tag = Result$tag$Failure, .Failure.reason = msg})
+#define FailureResult(...) Result$tagged$Failure(Texts(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+typedef struct Result$$struct {
+    enum { Result$tag$none, Result$tag$Success, Result$tag$Failure } $tag;
+    union {
+        Result$Success$$type Success;
+        Result$Failure$$type Failure;
+    };
+} Result$$type;
+
+#define Result_t Result$$type
+
 #define OptionalBool_t uint8_t
 #define OptionalList_t List_t
 #define OptionalTable_t Table_t
diff --git a/src/stdlib/optionals.h b/src/stdlib/optionals.h
index 985d6611..700a4ada 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/optionals.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/optionals.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #define NONE_TABLE ((OptionalTable_t){.entries.data = NULL})
 #define NONE_CLOSURE ((OptionalClosure_t){.fn = NULL})
 #define NONE_TEXT ((OptionalText_t){.tag = TEXT_NONE})
-#define NONE_PATH ((Path_t){.$tag = Path$tag$none})
+#define NONE_PATH ((OptionalPath_t){.$tag = Path$tag$none})
 
 PUREFUNC bool is_none(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *non_optional_type);
 PUREFUNC uint64_t Optional$hash(const void *obj, const TypeInfo_t *type);
diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.c b/src/stdlib/paths.c
index 9fb37ee3..ed8383fd 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.c
@@ -128,8 +128,10 @@ Path_t Path$_concat(int n, Path_t items[n]) {
 
 public
 Path_t Path$resolved(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
-    if (path.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath
-        && !(relative_to.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath && relative_to.components.length == 0)) {
+    if (path.$tag == Path$tag$HomePath) {
+        return Path$expand_home(path);
+    } else if (path.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath
+               && !(relative_to.$tag == Path$tag$RelativePath && relative_to.components.length == 0)) {
         Path_t result = {
             .$tag = relative_to.$tag,
             .components = relative_to.components,
@@ -144,16 +146,18 @@ Path_t Path$resolved(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
 
 public
 Path_t Path$relative_to(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
-    if (path.$tag != relative_to.$tag)
-        fail("Cannot create a path relative to a different path with a mismatching type: (", path, ") relative to (",
-             relative_to, ")");
+    if (path.$tag != relative_to.$tag) {
+        path = Path$resolved(path, Path$current_dir());
+        relative_to = Path$resolved(relative_to, Path$current_dir());
+    }
 
     Path_t result = Path$tagged$RelativePath(EMPTY_LIST);
     int64_t shared = 0;
-    for (; shared < (int64_t)path.components.length && shared < (int64_t)relative_to.components.length; shared++) {
+    while (shared < (int64_t)path.components.length && shared < (int64_t)relative_to.components.length) {
         Text_t *p = (Text_t *)(path.components.data + shared * path.components.stride);
         Text_t *r = (Text_t *)(relative_to.components.data + shared * relative_to.components.stride);
         if (!Text$equal_values(*p, *r)) break;
+        shared += 1;
     }
 
     for (int64_t i = shared; i < (int64_t)relative_to.components.length; i++)
@@ -163,7 +167,6 @@ Path_t Path$relative_to(Path_t path, Path_t relative_to) {
         Text_t *p = (Text_t *)(path.components.data + i * path.components.stride);
         List$insert(&result.components, p, I(0), sizeof(Text_t));
     }
-    // clean_components(&result.components);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -277,7 +280,7 @@ OptionalInt64_t Path$changed(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks) {
     return (OptionalInt64_t){.value = (int64_t)sb.st_ctime};
 }
 
-static void _write(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int mode, int permissions) {
+static Result_t _write(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int mode, int permissions) {
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
     int fd = open(path_str, mode, permissions);
@@ -287,36 +290,38 @@ static void _write(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int mode, int permissions) {
             // be closed by GC finalizers.
             GC_gcollect();
             fd = open(path_str, mode, permissions);
-            if (fd == -1) fail("Could not write to file: ", path_str, "\n", strerror(errno));
         }
+        if (fd == -1) return FailureResult("Could not write to file: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
     }
 
     if (bytes.stride != 1) List$compact(&bytes, 1);
     ssize_t written = write(fd, bytes.data, (size_t)bytes.length);
-    if (written != (ssize_t)bytes.length) fail("Could not write to file: ", path_str, "\n", strerror(errno));
+    if (written != (ssize_t)bytes.length)
+        return FailureResult("Could not write to file: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
     close(fd);
+    return SuccessResult;
 }
 
 public
-void Path$write(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions) {
+Result_t Path$write(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions) {
     List_t bytes = Text$utf8(text);
-    _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, permissions);
+    return _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, permissions);
 }
 
 public
-void Path$write_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions) {
-    _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, permissions);
+Result_t Path$write_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions) {
+    return _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, permissions);
 }
 
 public
-void Path$append(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions) {
+Result_t Path$append(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions) {
     List_t bytes = Text$utf8(text);
-    _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT, permissions);
+    return _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT, permissions);
 }
 
 public
-void Path$append_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions) {
-    _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT, permissions);
+Result_t Path$append_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions) {
+    return _write(path, bytes, O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CREAT, permissions);
 }
 
 public
@@ -347,8 +352,7 @@ OptionalList_t Path$read_bytes(Path_t path, OptionalInt_t count) {
         memcpy(content, mem, (size_t)sb.st_size);
         content[sb.st_size] = '\0';
         close(fd);
-        if (count.small && (int64_t)sb.st_size < target_count)
-            fail("Could not read ", target_count, " bytes from ", path, " (only got ", (uint64_t)sb.st_size, ")");
+        if (count.small && (int64_t)sb.st_size < target_count) return NONE_LIST;
         int64_t len = count.small ? target_count : (int64_t)sb.st_size;
         return (List_t){.data = content, .atomic = 1, .stride = 1, .length = (uint64_t)len};
     } else {
@@ -376,8 +380,7 @@ OptionalList_t Path$read_bytes(Path_t path, OptionalInt_t count) {
             len += (size_t)just_read;
         }
         close(fd);
-        if (count.small != 0 && (int64_t)len < target_count)
-            fail("Could not read ", target_count, " bytes from ", path, " (only got ", (uint64_t)len, ")");
+        if (count.small != 0 && (int64_t)len < target_count) return NONE_LIST;
         return (List_t){.data = content, .atomic = 1, .stride = 1, .length = (uint64_t)len};
     }
 }
@@ -408,23 +411,24 @@ OptionalText_t Path$group(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks) {
 }
 
 public
-void Path$set_owner(Path_t path, OptionalText_t owner, OptionalText_t group, bool follow_symlinks) {
+Result_t Path$set_owner(Path_t path, OptionalText_t owner, OptionalText_t group, bool follow_symlinks) {
     uid_t owner_id = (uid_t)-1;
     if (owner.tag == TEXT_NONE) {
         struct passwd *pwd = getpwnam(Text$as_c_string(owner));
-        if (pwd == NULL) fail("Not a valid user: ", owner);
+        if (pwd == NULL) return FailureResult("Not a valid user: ", owner);
         owner_id = pwd->pw_uid;
     }
 
     gid_t group_id = (gid_t)-1;
     if (group.tag == TEXT_NONE) {
         struct group *grp = getgrnam(Text$as_c_string(group));
-        if (grp == NULL) fail("Not a valid group: ", group);
+        if (grp == NULL) return FailureResult("Not a valid group: ", group);
         group_id = grp->gr_gid;
     }
     const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
     int result = follow_symlinks ? chown(path_str, owner_id, group_id) : lchown(path_str, owner_id, group_id);
-    if (result < 0) fail("Could not set owner!");
+    if (result < 0) return FailureResult("Could not set owner!");
+    return SuccessResult;
 }
 
 static int _remove_files(const char *path, const struct stat *sbuf, int type, struct FTW *ftwb) {
@@ -446,29 +450,30 @@ static int _remove_files(const char *path, const struct stat *sbuf, int type, st
 }
 
 public
-void Path$remove(Path_t path, bool ignore_missing) {
+Result_t Path$remove(Path_t path, bool ignore_missing) {
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
     struct stat sb;
     if (lstat(path_str, &sb) != 0) {
-        if (!ignore_missing) fail("Could not remove file: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
-        return;
+        if (!ignore_missing) return FailureResult("Could not remove file: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+        return SuccessResult;
     }
 
     if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG || (sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) {
         if (unlink(path_str) != 0 && !ignore_missing)
-            fail("Could not remove file: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+            return FailureResult("Could not remove file: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
     } else if ((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) {
         const int num_open_fd = 10;
         if (nftw(path_str, _remove_files, num_open_fd, FTW_DEPTH | FTW_MOUNT | FTW_PHYS) < 0)
-            fail("Could not remove directory: %s (%s)", path_str, strerror(errno));
+            return FailureResult("Could not remove directory: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
     } else {
-        fail("Could not remove path: ", path_str, " (not a file or directory)");
+        return FailureResult("Could not remove path: ", path_str, " (not a file or directory)");
     }
+    return SuccessResult;
 }
 
 public
-void Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions, bool recursive) {
+Result_t Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions, bool recursive) {
 retry:
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     const char *c_path = Path$as_c_string(path);
@@ -478,19 +483,20 @@ retry:
             Path$create_directory(Path$parent(path), permissions, recursive);
             goto retry;
         } else if (errno != EEXIST) {
-            fail("Could not create directory: ", c_path, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+            return FailureResult("Could not create directory: ", c_path, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
         }
     }
+    return SuccessResult;
 }
 
-static List_t _filtered_children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden, mode_t filter) {
+static OptionalList_t _filtered_children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden, mode_t filter) {
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     struct dirent *dir;
     List_t children = EMPTY_LIST;
     const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
     size_t path_len = strlen(path_str);
     DIR *d = opendir(path_str);
-    if (!d) fail("Could not open directory: ", path, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+    if (!d) return NONE_LIST;
 
     if (path_str[path_len - 1] == '/') --path_len;
 
@@ -511,18 +517,22 @@ static List_t _filtered_children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden, mode_t filter
 }
 
 public
-List_t Path$children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden) { return _filtered_children(path, include_hidden, (mode_t)-1); }
+OptionalList_t Path$children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden) {
+    return _filtered_children(path, include_hidden, (mode_t)-1);
+}
 
 public
-List_t Path$files(Path_t path, bool include_hidden) { return _filtered_children(path, include_hidden, S_IFREG); }
+OptionalList_t Path$files(Path_t path, bool include_hidden) {
+    return _filtered_children(path, include_hidden, S_IFREG);
+}
 
 public
-List_t Path$subdirectories(Path_t path, bool include_hidden) {
+OptionalList_t Path$subdirectories(Path_t path, bool include_hidden) {
     return _filtered_children(path, include_hidden, S_IFDIR);
 }
 
 public
-Path_t Path$unique_directory(Path_t path) {
+OptionalPath_t Path$unique_directory(Path_t path) {
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
     size_t len = strlen(path_str);
@@ -532,12 +542,12 @@ Path_t Path$unique_directory(Path_t path) {
     buf[len] = '\0';
     if (buf[len - 1] == '/') buf[--len] = '\0';
     char *created = mkdtemp(buf);
-    if (!created) fail("Failed to create temporary directory: ", path_str, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
+    if (!created) return NONE_PATH;
     return Path$from_str(created);
 }
 
 public
-Path_t Path$write_unique_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes) {
+OptionalPath_t Path$write_unique_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes) {
     path = Path$expand_home(path);
     const char *path_str = Path$as_c_string(path);
     size_t len = strlen(path_str);
@@ -553,23 +563,23 @@ Path_t Path$write_unique_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes) {
         ++suffixlen;
 
     int fd = mkstemps(buf, suffixlen);
-    if (fd == -1) fail("Could not write to unique file: ", buf, "\n", strerror(errno));
+    if (fd == -1) return NONE_PATH;
 
     if (bytes.stride != 1) List$compact(&bytes, 1);
 
     ssize_t written = write(fd, bytes.data, (size_t)bytes.length);
-    if (written != (ssize_t)bytes.length) fail("Could not write to file: ", buf, "\n", strerror(errno));
+    if (written != (ssize_t)bytes.length) fail("Could not write to file: ", buf, " (", strerror(errno), ")");
     close(fd);
     return Path$from_str(buf);
 }
 
 public
-Path_t Path$write_unique(Path_t path, Text_t text) { return Path$write_unique_bytes(path, Text$utf8(text)); }
+OptionalPath_t Path$write_unique(Path_t path, Text_t text) { return Path$write_unique_bytes(path, Text$utf8(text)); }
 
 public
-Path_t Path$parent(Path_t path) {
+OptionalPath_t Path$parent(Path_t path) {
     if (path.$tag == Path$tag$AbsolutePath && path.components.length == 0) {
-        return path;
+        return NONE_PATH;
     } else if (path.components.length > 0
                && !Text$equal_values(
                    *(Text_t *)(path.components.data + path.components.stride * ((int64_t)path.components.length - 1)),
@@ -631,11 +641,10 @@ public
 Path_t Path$sibling(Path_t path, Text_t name) { return Path$child(Path$parent(path), name); }
 
 public
-Path_t Path$with_extension(Path_t path, Text_t extension, bool replace) {
-    if (path.components.length == 0) fail("A path with no components can't have an extension!");
+OptionalPath_t Path$with_extension(Path_t path, Text_t extension, bool replace) {
+    if (path.components.length == 0) return NONE_PATH;
 
-    if (Text$has(extension, Text("/")) || Text$has(extension, Text(";")))
-        fail("Path extension has invalid characters: ", extension);
+    if (Text$has(extension, Text("/")) || Text$has(extension, Text(";"))) return NONE_PATH;
 
     Path_t result = {
         .$tag = path.$tag,
diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.h b/src/stdlib/paths.h
index 7a175099..4e52866e 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.h
@@ -34,24 +34,24 @@ bool Path$can_execute(Path_t path);
 OptionalInt64_t Path$modified(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
 OptionalInt64_t Path$accessed(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
 OptionalInt64_t Path$changed(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
-void Path$write(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions);
-void Path$write_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions);
-void Path$append(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions);
-void Path$append_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions);
+Result_t Path$write(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions);
+Result_t Path$write_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions);
+Result_t Path$append(Path_t path, Text_t text, int permissions);
+Result_t Path$append_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes, int permissions);
 OptionalText_t Path$read(Path_t path);
 OptionalList_t Path$read_bytes(Path_t path, OptionalInt_t limit);
-void Path$set_owner(Path_t path, OptionalText_t owner, OptionalText_t group, bool follow_symlinks);
+Result_t Path$set_owner(Path_t path, OptionalText_t owner, OptionalText_t group, bool follow_symlinks);
 OptionalText_t Path$owner(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
 OptionalText_t Path$group(Path_t path, bool follow_symlinks);
-void Path$remove(Path_t path, bool ignore_missing);
-void Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions, bool recursive);
+Result_t Path$remove(Path_t path, bool ignore_missing);
+Result_t Path$create_directory(Path_t path, int permissions, bool recursive);
 List_t Path$children(Path_t path, bool include_hidden);
 List_t Path$files(Path_t path, bool include_hidden);
 List_t Path$subdirectories(Path_t path, bool include_hidden);
-Path_t Path$unique_directory(Path_t path);
-Path_t Path$write_unique(Path_t path, Text_t text);
-Path_t Path$write_unique_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes);
-Path_t Path$parent(Path_t path);
+OptionalPath_t Path$unique_directory(Path_t path);
+OptionalPath_t Path$write_unique(Path_t path, Text_t text);
+OptionalPath_t Path$write_unique_bytes(Path_t path, List_t bytes);
+OptionalPath_t Path$parent(Path_t path);
 Text_t Path$base_name(Path_t path);
 Text_t Path$extension(Path_t path, bool full);
 bool Path$has_extension(Path_t path, Text_t extension);
diff --git a/src/stdlib/result.c b/src/stdlib/result.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fd2ca1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stdlib/result.c
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Result (Success/Failure) type info
+#include <err.h>
+#include <gc.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+
+#include "enums.h"
+#include "structs.h"
+#include "text.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+public
+const TypeInfo_t Result$Success$$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Result$Success$$type),
+    .align = __alignof__(Result$Success$$type),
+    .tag = StructInfo,
+    .StructInfo =
+        {
+            .name = "Success",
+            .num_fields = 0,
+        },
+    .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
+};
+
+public
+const TypeInfo_t Result$Failure$$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Result$Failure$$type),
+    .align = __alignof__(Result$Failure$$type),
+    .tag = StructInfo,
+    .StructInfo =
+        {
+            .name = "Failure",
+            .num_fields = 1,
+            .fields =
+                (NamedType_t[1]){
+                    {.name = "reason", .type = &Text$info},
+                },
+        },
+    .metamethods = Struct$metamethods,
+};
+
+public
+const TypeInfo_t Result$$info = {
+    .size = sizeof(Result_t),
+    .align = __alignof__(Result_t),
+    .tag = EnumInfo,
+    .EnumInfo =
+        {
+            .name = "Result",
+            .num_tags = 2,
+            .tags =
+                (NamedType_t[2]){
+                    {
+                        .name = "Success",
+                        .type = &Result$Success$$info,
+                    },
+                    {
+                        .name = "Failure",
+                        .type = &Result$Failure$$info,
+                    },
+                },
+        },
+    .metamethods = Enum$metamethods,
+};
diff --git a/src/stdlib/result.h b/src/stdlib/result.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..328480e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stdlib/result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#pragma once
+
+// Result type for Success/Failure
+
+#include "types.h"
+
+extern const TypeInfo_t Result$Success$$info;
+extern const TypeInfo_t Result$Failure$$info;
+extern const TypeInfo_t Result$$info;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/tomo.h b/src/stdlib/tomo.h
index 1ff065b9..ff8f90a2 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/tomo.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/tomo.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "paths.h" // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "pointers.h" // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "print.h" // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "result.h" // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "siphash.h" // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "stacktrace.h" // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "structs.h" // IWYU pragma: export
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 890d16fae503a5ffbb9f3c3e70e02938b4f55756 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 22:56:01 -0500
Subject: Remove dead code

---
 src/stdlib/metamethods.c | 6 ------
 src/stdlib/metamethods.h | 1 -
 2 files changed, 7 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/metamethods.c b/src/stdlib/metamethods.c
index 3eff2dd3..70b8e4e1 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/metamethods.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/metamethods.c
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ void generic_deserialize(List_t bytes, void *outval, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
     fclose(input);
 }
 
-public
-int generic_print(const void *obj, bool colorize, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
-    Text_t text = generic_as_text(obj, colorize, type);
-    return Text$print(stdout, text) + fputc('\n', stdout);
-}
-
 __attribute__((noreturn)) public
 void cannot_serialize(const void *obj, FILE *out, Table_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type) {
     (void)obj, (void)out, (void)pointers;
diff --git a/src/stdlib/metamethods.h b/src/stdlib/metamethods.h
index 05d91c5c..7db041e7 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/metamethods.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/metamethods.h
@@ -16,6 +16,5 @@ void _serialize(const void *obj, FILE *out, Table_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t
 List_t generic_serialize(const void *x, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void _deserialize(FILE *input, void *outval, List_t *pointers, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void generic_deserialize(List_t bytes, void *outval, const TypeInfo_t *type);
-int generic_print(const void *obj, bool colorize, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void cannot_serialize(const void *, FILE *, Table_t *, const TypeInfo_t *type);
 void cannot_deserialize(FILE *, void *, List_t *, const TypeInfo_t *type);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 4c5d15115d2d6c08c080d7d4a39efe039658d616 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 22:57:28 -0500
Subject: Add comments

---
 src/stdlib/paths.h | 1 +
 src/stdlib/text.h  | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/paths.h b/src/stdlib/paths.h
index 4e52866e..881a3c78 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/paths.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/paths.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 Path_t Path$from_str(const char *str);
 Path_t Path$from_text(Text_t text);
+// This function is defined as an extern in `src/stdlib/print.h`
 // int Path$print(FILE *f, Path_t path);
 // UNSAFE: this works because each type of path has a .components in the same place
 #define Path$components(path) ((path).components)
diff --git a/src/stdlib/text.h b/src/stdlib/text.h
index fba8b08f..9ad7441c 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/text.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/text.h
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ static inline Text_t Text_from_text(Text_t t) { return t; }
 Text_t Text$_concat(int n, Text_t items[n]);
 #define Text$concat(...) Text$_concat(sizeof((Text_t[]){__VA_ARGS__}) / sizeof(Text_t), (Text_t[]){__VA_ARGS__})
 #define Texts(...) Text$concat(MAP_LIST(convert_to_text, __VA_ARGS__))
+// This function is defined as an extern in `src/stdlib/print.h`
 // int Text$print(FILE *stream, Text_t t);
 Text_t Text$slice(Text_t text, Int_t first_int, Int_t last_int);
 Text_t Text$from(Text_t text, Int_t first);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 08c47e1fabd1a2fb43c18828db8ad845f7db3a99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 23:08:08 -0500
Subject: More correct handling for sleep()

---
 src/stdlib/stdlib.c | 10 ++++++++--
 src/stdlib/stdlib.h |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
index 8ec9e90b..defb263c 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <gc.h>
 #include <locale.h>
+#include <math.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -205,11 +206,16 @@ cleanup:
 }
 
 public
-void sleep_num(double seconds) {
+void sleep_seconds(double seconds) {
+    if (seconds < 0) fail("Cannot sleep for a negative amount of time: ", seconds);
+    else if (isnan(seconds)) fail("Cannot sleep for a time that is NaN");
     struct timespec ts;
     ts.tv_sec = (time_t)seconds;
     ts.tv_nsec = (long)((seconds - (double)ts.tv_sec) * 1e9);
-    nanosleep(&ts, NULL);
+    while (nanosleep(&ts, NULL) != 0) {
+        if (errno == EINTR) continue;
+        fail("Failed to sleep for the requested time (", strerror(errno), ")");
+    }
 }
 
 public
diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.h b/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
index 392b5f23..3afe3529 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.h
@@ -79,6 +79,6 @@ Text_t ask(Text_t prompt, bool bold, bool force_tty);
 _Noreturn void tomo_exit(Text_t text, int32_t status);
 
 Closure_t spawn(Closure_t fn);
-void sleep_num(double seconds);
+void sleep_seconds(double seconds);
 OptionalText_t getenv_text(Text_t name);
 void setenv_text(Text_t name, Text_t value);
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 86228917b98a3ef4019e9e18fcafacc948ffcfd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bruce Hill <bruce@bruce-hill.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Dec 2025 23:12:33 -0500
Subject: Better error handling for setenv()

---
 src/stdlib/stdlib.c | 12 ++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

(limited to 'src/stdlib')

diff --git a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
index defb263c..f4e6d678 100644
--- a/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
+++ b/src/stdlib/stdlib.c
@@ -226,8 +226,16 @@ OptionalText_t getenv_text(Text_t name) {
 
 public
 void setenv_text(Text_t name, OptionalText_t value) {
-    if (value.tag == TEXT_NONE) unsetenv(Text$as_c_string(name));
-    else setenv(Text$as_c_string(name), Text$as_c_string(value), 1);
+    int status;
+    if (value.tag == TEXT_NONE) {
+        status = unsetenv(Text$as_c_string(name));
+    } else {
+        status = setenv(Text$as_c_string(name), Text$as_c_string(value), 1);
+    }
+    if (status != 0) {
+        if (errno == EINVAL) fail("Invalid environment variable name: ", Text$quoted(name, false, Text("\"")));
+        else fail("Failed to set environment variable (", strerror(errno));
+    }
 }
 
 typedef struct cleanup_s {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3