Move core libraries into their own folder

1 files changed, 196 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lib/random/README.md b/lib/random/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..183b9d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/random/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# Random Number Generators (RNG)
+
+This library provides an `RNG` type (Random Number Generator). This type
+represents a self-contained piece of data that encapsulates the state of a
+relatively fast and relatively secure pseudo-random number generator. The
+current implementation is based on the [ChaCha20 stream
+cipher,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa20#ChaCha_variant) inspired by
+[`arc4random` in OpenBSD.](https://man.openbsd.org/arc4random.3)
+
+An `RNG` object can be used for deterministic, repeatable generation of
+pseudorandom numbers (for example, to be used in a video game for creating
+seeded levels). The default random number generator for Tomo is called `random`
+and is, by default, initialized with random data from the operating system when
+a Tomo program launches.
+
+## RNG Functions
+
+This documentation provides details on RNG functions available in the API.
+Lists also have some methods which use RNG values:
+`list.shuffle()`, `list.shuffled()`, `list.random()`, and `list.sample()`.
+
+- [`func bool(rng: RNG, p: Num = 0.5 -> Bool)`](#bool)
+- [`func byte(rng: RNG -> Byte)`](#byte)
+- [`func bytes(rng: RNG, count: Int -> [Byte])`](#bytes)
+- [`func copy(rng: RNG -> RNG)`](#copy)
+- [`func int(rng: RNG, min: Int, max: Int -> Int)`](#int`, `int64`, `int32`, `int16`, `int8)
+- [`func new(seed: [Byte] = (/dev/urandom).read_bytes(40)! -> RNG)`](#new)
+- [`func num(rng: RNG, min: Num = 0.0, max: Num = 1.0 -> Num)`](#num`, `num32)
+
+-------------
+
+### `bool`
+Generate a random boolean value with a given probability.
+
+```tomo
+func bool(rng: RNG, p: Num = 0.5 -> Bool)
+```
+
+- `rng`: The random number generator to use.
+- `p`: The probability of returning a `yes` value. Values less than zero and
+  `NaN` values are treated as equal to zero and values larger than zero are
+  treated as equal to one.
+
+**Returns:**  
+`yes` with probability `p` and `no` with probability `1-p`.
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> random.bool()
+= no
+>> random.bool(1.0)
+= yes
+```
+
+---
+
+### `byte`
+Generate a random byte with uniform probability.
+
+```tomo
+func byte(rng: RNG -> Byte)
+```
+
+- `rng`: The random number generator to use.
+
+**Returns:**  
+A random byte (0-255).
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> random.byte()
+= 103[B]
+```
+
+---
+
+### `bytes`
+Generate a list of uniformly random bytes with the given length.
+
+```tomo
+func bytes(rng: RNG, count: Int -> [Byte])
+```
+
+- `rng`: The random number generator to use.
+- `count`: The number of random bytes to return.
+
+**Returns:**  
+A list of length `count` random bytes with uniform random distribution (0-255).
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> random.bytes(4)
+= [135[B], 169[B], 103[B], 212[B]]
+```
+
+---
+
+### `copy`
+Return a copy of a random number generator. This copy will be a parallel version of
+the given RNG with its own internal state.
+
+```tomo
+func copy(rng: RNG -> RNG)
+```
+
+- `rng`: The random number generator to copy.
+
+**Returns:**  
+A copy of the given RNG.
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> rng := RNG.new([])
+>> copy := rng.copy()
+
+>> rng.bytes(10)
+= [224[B], 102[B], 190[B], 59[B], 251[B], 50[B], 217[B], 170[B], 15[B], 221[B]]
+
+# The copy runs in parallel to the original RNG:
+>> copy.bytes(10)
+= [224[B], 102[B], 190[B], 59[B], 251[B], 50[B], 217[B], 170[B], 15[B], 221[B]]
+```
+
+---
+
+### `int`, `int64`, `int32`, `int16`, `int8`
+Generate a random integer value with the given range.
+
+```tomo
+func int(rng: RNG, min: Int, max: Int -> Int)
+func int64(rng: RNG, min: Int64 = Int64.min, max: Int64 = Int64.max -> Int)
+func int32(rng: RNG, min: Int32 = Int32.min, max: Int32 = Int32.max -> Int)
+func int16(rng: RNG, min: Int16 = Int16.min, max: Int16 = Int16.max -> Int)
+func int8(rng: RNG, min: Int8 = Int8.min, max: Int8 = Int8.max -> Int)
+```
+
+- `rng`: The random number generator to use.
+- `min`: The minimum value to be returned.
+- `max`: The maximum value to be returned.
+
+**Returns:**  
+An integer uniformly chosen from the range `[min, max]` (inclusive). If `min`
+is greater than `max`, an error will be raised.
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> random.int(1, 10)
+= 8
+```
+
+---
+
+### `new`
+Return a new random number generator.
+
+```tomo
+func new(seed: [Byte] = (/dev/urandom).read_bytes(40)! -> RNG)
+```
+
+- `seed`: The seed use for the random number generator. A seed length of 40
+  bytes is recommended. Seed lengths of less than 40 bytes are padded with
+  zeroes.
+
+**Returns:**  
+A new random number generator.
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> my_rng := RNG.new([1[B], 2[B], 3[B], 4[B]])
+>> my_rng.bool()
+= yes
+```
+
+---
+
+### `num`, `num32`
+Generate a random floating point value with the given range.
+
+```tomo
+func num(rng: RNG, min: Num = 0.0, max: Num = 1.0 -> Int)
+func num32(rng: RNG, min: Num = 0.0_f32, max: Num = 1.0_f32 -> Int)
+```
+
+- `rng`: The random number generator to use.
+- `min`: The minimum value to be returned.
+- `max`: The maximum value to be returned.
+
+**Returns:**  
+A floating point number uniformly chosen from the range `[min, max]`
+(inclusive). If `min` is greater than `max`, an error will be raised.
+
+**Example:**  
+```tomo
+>> random.num(1, 10)
+= 9.512830439975572
+```